多媒体通信技术及其新进展

ƒƒƒƒƒ:20028„„„„1.1ƒƒITU„,,,1.2„2080„3(80)(90)(21)„„JPEG,MPEG,ITUH.26X„16KbpsITUG.728,32KbpsITUG.721,64KbpsITUG.722,MPEG-1,2,4„CD-ROM,CD-DA,CD-I,VCD,DVD1.3„/√„„„„„WEB„√„√„√1.4„„„„„IP„„„„JPEG„MPEG„2.1„„:2,„1100Mbps650MBCD-ROM11.2GbpsHDTV,1CD-ROM6„„RGB„YUV„YIQ„„,„**************************************2.2„,:ƒ()2:15:1Huffmanƒ()„:ƒƒƒƒƒƒ2.3JPEG„ISO/IEC10918“”,JPEG„,„(),,,2:1—:„DCT()DCTDCT8*8FDCTYUVDCTIDCT8*8„:;:„(1);(2)„,“”,()2„JPEG2000:,,2.4MPEG2.4.1MPEG„MPEG„1.5Mbps,2Mbps,MPEG-1,MPEG-2„,MPEGMPEG-4,MPEG-7,MPEG-21„MPEG,„MPEG-1MPEG-2,MPEG,C-CubeCL450„MPC,2.4.2MPEG-1„“1.5Mbps”MPEG-1,ISO/IEC111721992„CD-ROM,SIF(NTSC352240;PAL352288),CD„MPEG-1,1201.2GBVCD„MPEG,„MPEG3,„1,384Kbps,DCC„2,192Kbps,CD-ROMVCD„3,64Kbps,ISDN,MP3MPEGAudioLayer3,1:10-1:12MPEG88„88„161688,„UV1234Y568X88X8MPEG-1„:,„,,ADCT„MPEG3I,P,B1I2B3B4B5P6B7B8B1I12B0.51IIBBPBBPBBPBBPBBIBBPBBPBBPBBPBB123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930„MPEG,,B17:IPBBPBB4213756„PB,„B4:I;(F);(B);(A)„,,2.4.3MPEG-2„MPEG-2(ISO/IEC13818)3100Mbps„MPEG-2,,,,„MPEG-1,.„MPEG-2„MPEG-2Video5:•(Simple)•(Main)•(SNRScalable)•(SpatialScalable)•(High)„4:•(Low)352×288×30,VCRMPEG-1•(Main)720×460×30720×576×25,•1440(High-1440)1440×1080×301440×1152×25HDTV•(High)1920×1080×301920×1152×25,HDTV11ƒMP@HLƒHP@HLƒ-1440MP@H1440ƒ-1440SSP@H1440ƒ-1440HP@H1440ƒSP@MLƒMP@MLƒSNP@MLƒHP@MLƒMP@LLƒSNP@LLMPEG-2„MPEG-1„5.17.1„5.1“3/2-LFE”3(),2LFE„7.15.1,2MPEG-2„MPEG-2MPEG-1,DCT,„DCT,DCT„MPEG-2,2.4.4MPEG-4„MPEG-4“”199811,„MPEG-4AV,“AV”,„MPEG-4AV:AVAVAV,AVAV,AVAVAV„MPEG-4(1)(2)BIFS,,URL(3)MPEG-4,MIDITTS(4),MPEG-4(5)MPEG-4,,„MPEG-4MPEG-44.8-64kbps,176144,„Internet/IntranetDVDMPEG-4MPEG-4„+VO=2.4.5MPEG-7„MPEG-7“”,-,„MPEG-7MPEG,MPEG-4MPEG-7MPEG-7:,;MPEG-7„(Data)MPEG-7„(Feature)()()„(Descriptor,D),,„(DescriptorValue),„(DS)DSDD,DDS„„,„(DDL),„MPEG-7DDL,,„MPEG-7,„MPEG-7MPEG-4„:,:“”„MPEG“”,MPEG-7MPEG-7MPEG-7„,MPEG-7MPEG-7„(,…)„(…)„(,TV…)„(,)„2.4.6MPEG-21„,,„MPEG199910MPEG-21()„MPEG-21,,,,„20011MPEG55,(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)MPEG-21„MPEG-21,20011MPEG-21„MPEG-21:(1),(2),(3),,(4);,„MPEG-21MPEG-21;;(Use)„.12n()(,MPEG-21„:MPEG-21MPEG-2MPEG-4„:MPEG-21,,MPEG-7;,,„MPEG-21,MPEG-21,,MPEG-21,2.5H.26X2.5.1H.261„ITUH.261“64Kbps”,P64Kbps„P1-30P=12,QCIF(176144),;P6,CIF(352288)„P64KbpsDCTDPCM„P64KbpsMPEG-1,P64Kbps,MPEG-1„P64KbpsCIF„CIF,,,„H.261,,,2.5.2„B-ISDN,ITUMPEGISO/IEC13818,H.262MPEG-2,H.261MPEG-1„H.263ITU-T,V.3428.8kbps33.6kbps,56kbpsITU-T15H.263„H.263H.261,Sub-QCIF(128×96),QCIF,CIF,4CIF,16CIF(1408×1152)(1)H.263,(2),,,(3)Huffman()(4)()44,(5)PB(),H.263PB,PPB„„„„IP3.1„„„„(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)„(1)+(2)+(3)+„(1);(2);(3);(4)QoS(QoS),(1)(throughput),:„HDTV(MPEG2,20-40Mbps)(MPEG2,6-8Mbps)(MPEG2,3-6Mbps)(MPEG1,1.4Mbps)(H.261,128Kbps)„(3.4KHz,4-32Kbps)(50Hz-7KHz,48-64Kbps)CD(20KHz,MPEG-1,128-192Kbps)5.1(3-20KHz,AC-3,320Kbps)(2)(Delay)„100-500ms,250ms„,1-2s(3)(Delayjitter),:„CD,100ms;,400ms;(),20-30ms„HDTV,50ms;,100ms;,400ms(4)(ErrorRate)„BER,10-9-10-12„BER„PLR„CD,BER1/10000;CDBER1/1000;,BER1/100„HDTV,BER10-10;,BER10-9;,BER10-8(QoS)QoS„QoS=Upper_bound;QoS=Lower_bound;„Prob[QoS=Upper_bound]=Prob_bound;Prob[QoS=Lower_bound]=Prob_bound.3.2„„Ethernet()„„FDDI()„ISDN„,„„,„,„,,.Ethernet()„1978,„10Mbps,1500,„CSMA/CD,,„10BASE-T,,„100BASE-T100Mbps,,IEEE100BASE-TIEEE802.3u„1000Mbps,IEEE802.3z802.3ab,,„QoS,FDDI()„FDDI100MbpsANSIIEEEFDDIIEEE802.8„,,LAN„FDDI,16,6.144Mbps„,,X.25„PSN(),500Kbps23Mbps„CCITT:(1)(1000bits);(2),;(3)—,,;(4).„X.25,,,(FR)ATM„FRHDLC,X.25,,X.25„X.25,ATM,ISDN„ITUISDN:ISDNIDN,„/(1)(BRI)2B+D,264KbpsB,116KbpsD144Kbps,7km;(2)(PRI)30B+D,PBX()3.3„B-ISDN„H21(32.768Mbps),H22(4345Mbps),H4(132-138.24Mbps),H21,H22,H4HDTVCAD,CAMLANTVTVFAXCATVHDTV10Mbps,100Mbps10Kbps,100kbps,1MbpsB-ISDNISDNATM„B-ISDN(ATM)„,,,(STM)„ATM(1),53B,5B,48B(2),,,,(3),,,“”„ATM(1),(2)ATM,X.25:(1)/;(2)ATM,3.4IP3.4.1„Internet:(TCP),HTTP;(UDP),IP„:(1);(2);(3);(4)IP;(5)„INTERNET,,,,„:(1),,;(2),(3)INTERNET,,IP,3.4.2IP„IP5:ABC;D(multicast,);E„—(1)(Flooding)(2)(SpanningTree)(3)(4)(5)(6)Steiner„(1)(DVMRP)(2)(MOSPF)(3)(PIM)3.4.3IPQoS„QoSQoSQoS:„QoS()P(u,v)=(u,i,j,...,k,v),:(1)m(u,v)=m(u,i)+m(i,j)+...+m(k,v)()(2)m(u,v)=m(u,i)*m(i,j)*...*m(k,v)()(3)m(u,v)=min[m(u,i),m(i,j),...,m(k,v)]()„QoS,:Dijkstra;;Steiner.„QoS:NP„NP„QoS(),RSVP„RSVP,RSVPRSVP,RSVP„RSVP:,;,„RSVP,IETFQoS(DiffServ,DS)„DSIP,IPv4,DSDS,DS,„DS;3„(MPLS)QoS„MPLS(LSP)LSP,LSP„LSP,;,LSP,MPLS(LSR),,LSR3.4.4IPIP1.IPATM„ATMB-ISDN2090,,B-ISDNATM„IPATMIETFRFC1483RFC15772IPOA,ATM,IP2.IPSDH„IPOA,IP,ATM,(),25%„ATMSDH,SDHIPIPoverSDH,5%3.IP„,,,,„(DWDM)„1200-1600nm,30THzWDM4.1„,„,,„„„„„D/AA/DISDN)„ISDN,„/,,CCITTH.261,„H.262(MPEG-2),H.263().4.2„„„ITUH.261,,„(1)–DDN,,300K-2M(2)–DDN,ISDN(112-768K),LAN(384K)(3)–PSTN(28.8,33.6K)199012,ITU-TISDNH.320(1).(2).(3).(4)./(5)./(6).(MCU)(7).H.320//AH.261H.221G.703G.711,G.722.G.728H.242.H.230,H.221.H.243.H.281T.120H.200/AV.270BCMCUITU„ITU1990HGT,,„H.320,:H.243–MCU;H.230–;H.233–;H.234–;H.281–;„H.320N-ISDN64Kbps384Kbp1536/1920KbpsITU,„H.323--LAN/IntranetH.324--;H.321/H.310--ATM24.3DAVIC„(DAVIC).„,DAVIC„DAVIC,1994DAVIC1.0,1998DAVIC1.4ISPS-SCSCPS-SPS(CPS)(SPS)(SCS)DAVIC„„OK„„VODSDHATM155/622Mb/sATM155Mb/s62