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BehaviorismBehaviorismisanapproachtopsychologythataroseoutoftheideasofearlylearningtheoristswhoattemptedtoexplainalllearningintermsofsomeformofconditioning.BasicIdeasofBehaviorismPsychologycannotjustresearchPeople’smind,butalsoneedtoresearchsomemoreobjectivethings,namelybehavior.Specificbehavioralresponsesdependonstimulusintensity,thereforetheyuseafunctionR=f(S)toexplainallbehaviorsofpeople.Behaviorismtriestofindregularitybetweenstimulusandresponse.Thentheycanpredictandcontrolbehaviorofpeople.IvanPavlov:classicalconditioning(S-R)ClassicalconditioningisthebasictheoryinbehaviorismThefamousexperiment:thedribblingdog.Aresponsegeneratedbyonestimuluscanbeproducedbyintroducingasecondstimulusatthesametime.Learningisseenasaquestionofdevelopingconnectionsbetweenevents.JohnWatson：habit-formationFounderofbehavioristschoolofpsychology.PsychologyastheBehaviouristViewIt(1913)Thefamousexperiment:littleAlbertHabit-formation:freqency(频因律)recenty(近因率).(Habitcanbeformebyexternalstimulus.)BurrhusSkinner:OperantConditioning(S-R-R)Skinnerwasthefounderofmodernbehaviourismwhobelievedthatlearningwasaquestionofhabitformation.Hencehedeniedtheinvolvementoftheobservableworkofthe“mind”.Thefamousexperiment:Skinner‘sbox.stimuli/response/reinforcement1.Whatisstimuli/response/reinforcement?Stimulus:therewardResponse:theact“peckingonthebuttonintherightorder”Reinforcement:astimulusthatstrengthensorweakensthebehaviorIftheresponseisreinforcedbythestimulus“reward”,itthenbecomeshabitual2.Whatdoestheexperimentshowus?Studentslearnlanguagethroughachainof‘stimulus-responsereinforcement.’AdoptingBehaviorismtoTeachingWhenthistheoryisappliedtolanguagelearning,languageisseenasabehaviortobetaught.Oneinfluentialresultistheaudio-lingualmethod,whichinvolvesendless“listenandrepeat”drillingactivities.Theideaofthismethod…(Page5).summry;Effectivelanguagebehavioristheproductionofcorrectresponsestostimuli.Ifaparticularresponseisreinforced,itthenbecomeshabitual.CriticismofBehaviorismBehaviorismlearningtheoryisteacher-centered.Itfocusedonhowtoteach,i.e.howtoeffectivelystimulatelearners,butneglecthowtolearn,i.e.thereasonbehindresponse.Thistheoryisbasedonexperimentswhichareattendedbyanimals.Therefore,itisnotcompletelyfitforthehuman.CognitivePsychologyandLanguageTeachingCognitivism;Thewayinwhichthehumanmindthinksandlearns(mentalprocess).Thementalprocessesareinvolvedinlearning.Itincludessuchaspectsashowpeoplebuildupanddrawupontheirmemoriesandthewaysinwhichtheyinvolvedintheprocessoflearning.Figure1-2:Learnersonlyneedtorepeat.Figure3:Learnersneedtousetheirmindstoobserve,think,categorize,andhypothesize,andgraduallyworkouthowthelanguageoperates.Manypeopledescribeitasaviewthatthemindisbasicallyacomputerwiththeabilitytoprocessandstorethings.Theybelievethatthebraintakesininformation,analyzesit,storesit,andusesit.InformationProcessing(信息加工)Cognitivepsychologistsaremainlyconcernedwiththewayinwhichpeopletakeininformation,processit,andactuponit.Thus,itcanbeseenthatsuchfactorsasattention,perceptionandmemorybecomethefocusoftheworkofinformationprocessingtheorists.Memoryencodingmakeinformationenterintomemorystoragestoretheinformationforaperiodoftimeretrievalretrieveinformation..InformationprocessinginthememoryMemory:Encoding编码attentionrehearsal(复述)deepprocessing(深加工)elaboration(精细加工)imagery(构建意象)organization(组织)Chunk(语块)attentionWhileencoding,wemustgetattentiontotheinformation.Attentionisoneareawhereaninformationprocessingapproachhasprovidedvaluableinsightsintotheworkingsofthehumanmind.Itisclearthatsomelearnershaveconsiderabledifficultyinpayingattentiontotheirworkandthatinvariablythiswillhaveanegativeeffectonlearning.(P.15)Howtohelpstudentsmaintainattention?Encouragestudentstoengageinlearningactivity.Usereminderorgesturetoindicatetheimportanceofsth.DesigninterestingactivitiesUsemedia,technology.Don’tprovidetoomuchinformationrehearsal(复述)Theactofrepeatingoneinformationconsciouslybeforeconsigningittothelong-termmemory.shallowformsofprocessingdeepprocessingMemoryperformancedependsonthedepthtowhichthestimulusisanalyzedshallowprocessing(rehearsal)Deepprocessing:stimulusisanalyzedformeaningForexample,theformandspellingof“boat”,boatandcoat,theformofboat.Deepprocessingleadstobettermemorythandoesshallowprocessingelaboration(精细加工Deepprocessingmayleadtoamoreelaboratementalrepresentation.Byelaboratingwesimplymeanthattherepresentationofthewordbecomesassociatedwithagreaternumberofotherthingsandamorecoherentsetofotherthings.Thusthereshouldbemorepotentialretrievalpathways.organization(组织)Pleaserecallthe12monthsinayearinthefastestspeed.Howlongdoyouspend?What’syourrecallingorder?Ifyourecallaccordingtoalphabetletters,howlongdoesyourrecallingtake?CONCLUSION:Presentinginformationinaclearlogicorderwillbeconducivetomemory.Imagery(意象)makingamentalimageofthesituation.Drawingscanmakementalimages.Visualimagesmaybethemostpowerfuldevicetoaidrecall.Forexample:prepositions,trees,house,mopchunkAphraseorgroupofwordswhichcanbelearntasaunitbysbwhoislearningalanguage.语块（话语组成部分）Memory:StorageAsensoryregisterShort-termmemo