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常减压装置中常压塔设计摘要塔设备是化工，石油化工和炼油生产中最重要的设备之一。塔设备是大部分机械专业理论学习的重点设备，也是化工厂中常见的设备。随着石油，化工生产的迅速发展，塔设备在石油化工生产中投入所占的比例越来越大，占到大概百分之五十的比例。塔设备的性能，整个装置的产品产量，质量，生产能力和消耗定额，以及三废处理和环境保护方面都有重要意义。因此选择沥青装置常压塔设计。本文是以专业知识为基础，对六十万吨每年氧化沥青装置常压塔进行的设计计算，该塔可以在常压，一百五十摄氏度温度下工作。该塔设备为浮阀塔，优点是生产能力高，操作弹性大，气液流动阻力较小，塔板效率较高，但浮阀装卸清洗较困难，造价高，总体来讲综合性能较好，可以在工业上得到普遍应用。塔设备的设计具有很强的综合性，尤其在塔的高度较高时，要注意考虑高振型以及横风向风振对塔设备的影响。当前板式塔应该以处理能力为第一目标，传质效率为第二目标，开发的重点集中在降液管结构改进，塔板空间合理利用，气液分散结构优化以及降低成本等方面的改进。关键词:常压塔；沥青装置；浮阀DesignofatmospherictowerAbstractTowerequipmentinchemical,petrochemicalandoilrefiningproductionisoneofthemostimportantequipment.Towerequipmentiskeyequipmentwhichlearnedbymostmechanicalengineering,butalsocommonequipmentinchemicalfactory.Withtherapiddevelopmentofpetroleum,chemicalproduction,towerequipmentinpetrochemicalproductioninputaccountedforanincreasinglylargeproportionaboutfiftypercent.Performance,theentiredeviceproductyield,quality,productionandconsumption,andwastetreatmentandenvironmentalprotectionoftowerequipmenthasimportantsignificance.Soasphaltunitatmosphericdistillationtowerdesignisthechoice.Thispaperisbasedontheprofessionalknowledgeasthebasis,todesignandcalculateofsixhundredthousandtonsperyearofasphaltoxidationdeviceatmospherictower,whichatatmosphericpressure,onehundredandfiftydegreesCelsiustemperature.Thetowerequipmentforthefloatvalvetower,hastheadvantagesofhighproductioncapacity,highoperatingflexibility,whichgas-liquidflowresistanceissmallandtheplateefficiencyishigher,buthandlingandcleaningfloatvalveismoredifficultandcostsmore,generallyspeaking,thefloatvalvetower,whichcomprehensiveperformanceisgood,canbewidelyappliedinindustry.Towerequipmentdesignhastheverystrongcomprehensive,especiallyintheheightofthetowerishigh,andpayingattentiontohighvibrationmodeandcrosswindvibrationthathasainfluenceontowerequipmentisamust.Thecurrenttowershouldtaketoprocessingcapacityasthefirstgoal,themasstransferefficiencyassecondgoal,focusinimprovementofstructureofdowncomerplate,reasonableuseinplatespace,optimizationofgas-liquiddispersionstructure,costreductionandotherimprovements.Keywords:atmospherictower；deviceforasphalt；floatvalv目录1.说明部分.........................................................................11.1塔设备在化工生产中的作用和地位.....................11.2设计概述.................................................................11.3对塔设备的要求.....................................................21.4塔设备的分类.........................................................31.5塔设备的构造.........................................................31.6板式塔的分类.........................................................51.7塔选型....................................................................61.8选材........................................................................82.设计计算部分.................................................................82.1设计条件.................................................................82.2设备材料的选取，设计参数的确定.....................82.3筒体和封头的强度计算.........................................92.3.1筒体厚度.........................................................92.3.2封头厚度.........................................................92.3.3水压试验校核.................................................92.4塔器质量计算.......................................................102.5塔的自振周期计算...............................................112.6地震载荷...............................................................122.7风载荷和风弯矩的计算.......................................152.7.1顺风向风载荷计算.......................................152.7.2横风向风载荷计算.......................................172.7.2.1横风向风振判别....................................172.7.2.2横风向塔顶振幅....................................182.7.2.3塔体横风向弯矩....................................182.7.2.4塔体顺风向弯矩....................................202.7.3塔体组合风弯矩...........................................222.8最大弯矩...............................................................232.9圆筒应力校核.......................................................242.10裙座壳轴向应力的校核.....................................262.11基础环设计.........................................................282.12地脚螺栓.............................................................292.13筋板....................................................................292.14盖板....................................................................302.15裙座与塔壳对接焊缝.........................................312.16开孔和开孔补强设计.........................................313.结论...............................................................................36参考文献..........................................................................37谢辞..................................................................................3811.说明部分1.1塔设备在化工生产中的作用和地位塔设备是化学工业、石油工业、石油化工等生产中最重要的设备之一。在化工、炼油、医药、食品及环境保护等工业部门，塔设备是一种重要的单元操作设备。它的应用面广、量大。在化工和石油化工生产装置中，塔设备所耗的钢材重量在各类工艺设备中所占的比例较多，例如在年产250万吨常压及减压炼油蒸馏装置中耗用的钢材重量占62.4%，年产60及120万吨催化裂化装置占48.9%。塔设备的作用是使气（汽）液或液液两相之间进行充分接触，达到相际传热及传质的目的。塔设备可以为传质过程创造适宜的外界条件，除了维持一定的压强，温度规定的气液流量等工艺条件外，还可以从结构上保证气液充分的接触时间，接触空间和接触面积，以达到相际之间比较理想的传热和传质效果。塔设备广泛用于蒸馏吸收介吸萃取气体的洗涤增湿及冷却等单元操作中，它的操作