初中英语试讲-定语从句-陈佳曼

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汇报人:小曼老师初中英语语法知识点:定语从句定语从句的定义及构成关系代词的用法及特殊用法关系副词的用法及特殊用法限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区分什么是定语从句?----修饰前面某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子,被修饰的名词,词组或者代词即为先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。结构:先行词+关系词+句子ep:Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.温故而知新定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词,此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。汉语中常用“…..的”来翻译。关系词:关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句中的一个成分,当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。关系代词的选定:主要看关系词在从句中充当的句子成分。指物:that,which(主/宾格)指人:who(主/宾格)that(主/宾格),whom(宾格),whose(定语)关系副词:when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原由)关系词:关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose,as关系副词:when,where,why关系代词who/that/whom/which/whose/as关系代词that,which引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示物的名词或代词,关系词用that,which(做主语或宾语)Which/that作主语。(不能省)ThisisadreamThedreamwillnevercometureThisisadreamwhich/thatwillnevercometure.ThedoghasbeenfoundThedogwaslost.Thedogwhichwaslosthasbeenfound.Ptactise:1.Thisisthehousewhichisforsale2.Thebookwhichislvingonthefloorismine.关系代词that,which引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示物的名词或代词,关系词用that,which(做主语或宾语)Which/that作宾语。(可省略)Thisisthecard.Ihavejustreceivedthecard.Thisisthecardwhich/thatIhavejustreceived.Ilostthewatch.Myfatherboughtmethewatch.Ilostthewatchwhich/thatmyfatherboughtme.Ptactise:1.ThisisthethemistakethatIalwaysmake.2.Istillkeeptheletterswhichshewrotetome.关系代词who,that,whom引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词,关系词用who,that(做主语或宾语),whom(作宾语)Who/that作主语。(不能省)Thisisthefilmstar.ThefilmstarisverypopularinChina.Thisisthefilmstarwho/thatisverypopularinChinaPtactise:1.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledRoy.2.Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingyesterday?关系代词who,that,whom引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词,关系词用who,that(做主语或宾语),whom(作宾语)Who/that/whom作宾语。(可省略)Themanisafamouswriter.Hedescribedthemanjustnow.Theman(who/whom/that)hedescribedjustnowisafamouswriter.Ptactise:1.Theboywho/whomIamlookingforismyfriend.2.Thethiefwhomthepolicecaughtlastnighthasbeensenttoprison.关系代词as、which引导的非限制性定语从句的差别:由as,which引导的非限制性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中。Asweknow,somkingisharmfultoone‘shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.1.As可引导非限制性定语从句,带有正如的意思。2.As的用法thesame…as;such…as中的as是一种固定结构,和….一样3.非限制性定语从句中出现expect,think,suppose等表猜测、想象、预料等时,只用asIshouldliketousethesametoolasisusedhere.Weshouldhavesuchadictionaryasheisusing.Shesucceededinherdoingtheresearchwork,asweexpected.小结1.That–既可指人,也可指物,作主语,不能省略;作宾语,可以省略。2.Which—指物,作主语,不能省略;作宾语,可以省略。3.Who--指人,作主语,不能省略;作宾语,可以省略,(常用whom)4.课件中讲到的作主语或宾语,是指在定语从句中。5.当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词形式先行词确定;有时只能用that,不用which,常见的情况有六种:1.当先行词词是any,all,few,little,none,anything,everything,nothing,everybody,nobody,everything,nothing,everybody,nobody,everybody,noone或被它们修饰时。ThatisallthatIknow.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Heansweredfewquestionsthattheteacherasked.2.当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时ThatisthemostinterestingbookthatIhave.ThefirstthingthatIshoulddoistoreviewmylessons.3.当先行词有thevery,theonly,thesame等修饰词时。ThatistheonlythingthatIcandonow.Thesearetheverywordsthatheused.4.当主句以who或which开头时,定语从句的关系词用that,不用which或whoWhoisthegirlthatspoketoyoujustnow?有时只能用who,不用that,常见的情况有六种:1.在引导非限制性定语从句时,(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.2.介词后不能用,(正)Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.3.多用who的情况a.关系代词在从句中作主语:Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisrealfriend.b.先行词为those,people时:Thosewhowereeitherfoolsorunfitforthereofficescouldnotseethecloth.c.先行词为all,anyone,onesone指人时:Onewhodoesnotworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.d.Therebe句型中:Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.e.在被分隔的定语从句中:AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.f.在两个定语从句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时,后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。Exercise1:用关系代词填空1.Theboy(who)isplayingbasketballismyclassmate.2.Thee-mail(which)Ireceivedyesterdaywasfrommysister.3.Ihatepeople(who/that)talkmuchbutdolittle.4.Ihaveneverheardofthepeopleandthings(which/that)youtalkedaboutjustnow.5.Thecar(that)myfatherboughtlastmonthisverybeautiful.6.Theman(whose)hairiswhiteishisgrandfather.7.Isthereastudent(whose)fatherisabusinessman.8.Thisisthehousein(which)wehavelivedfor10years关系副词when/where/whyWhen作时间状语:when=介词+which注意:1.非限制定语从句中,“介词+which”结构不能替代关系副词。Shewillneverforgettheday.Shewasmarriedonthatday.Shewillneverforgetthedaywhen(=onwhich)shewasmarried.Ptactise:ThatwasaforgottenmomentwhenImetherinthegarden.Where作地点状语:when=介词+which注意:1.非限制定语从句中,“介词+which”结构不能替代关系副词。Iwanttoknowtheplace.Iwasbornthere.Iwanttoknowtheplacewhere(=inwhich)Iwasborn.Ptactise:Thetablewheresheissittingisanewone.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区分区分要点1.形式不同定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。2.功能不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整。如:Peoplewhotakephysicalexerciselivelonger.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)Hisdaughter,whoisinBostonnow,iscominghomenextweek.他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)。区分要点3翻译不同在翻译定语从句时,一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如:Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolen.他就是汽车被窃的那个人。I’veinvitedJim,wholivesinthenextflat.我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。4含义不同比较下面的两个句子:Ihaveasisterwhoisadoctor.我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)Ihaveasister,whoisadoctor.我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)5关系词不同关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略(参见本章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