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©2005PrenticeHall5-1Chapter4TheLegalEnvironmentsofGlobalMarketing©2005PrenticeHall5-2I.InternationalLawInternationallawmaybedefinedasrulesandprinciplesthatnation-statesconsiderbindingamongthemselves国际法可被定义为国家认可约束他们自己的原则和规则©2005PrenticeHall5-3Internationallawisdividedintopublicinternationallaw国际公法andPrivateinternationallaw国际私法–publicinternationallawdealwithdisputesarisingbetweennations–Privateinternationallawdealwithdisputesarisingfromcommercialtransactionsbetweencitizensorcompaniesofdifferentnations©2005PrenticeHall5-4Publicinternationallaw国际公法Internationaljudiciaryorganizations:国际司法机构–ThePermanentCourtofInternationalJustice国际常设法庭（1920-1945）–theInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ)国际法庭（1946）–TheInternationalLawCommission国际法律委员会（1947年由美国建立）©2005PrenticeHall5-5Sourcesofpublicinternationallaw:–Internationalconventions国际公约–Internationalcustoms国际惯例–Thegeneralprinciplesoflawrecognizedbycivilizednations.被文明国家承认的一般法律原则–Judicialdecisionsandtheteachingofthemosthighlyqualifiedpublicistsofthevariousnations司法判决以及各国资深国际法学家的学说return©2005PrenticeHall5-6Privateinternationallaw国际私法Isthereajudicialbody司法机构todealwithlegalcommercialproblemsarisingbetweencitizensofdifferentcountries?Theanswerisno©2005PrenticeHall5-7Sourcesofprivateinternationallaw:–Internallaw国内法–Internationaltreaties国际条约–Internationalcustom国际惯例©2005PrenticeHall5-8II.BasesforLegalSystems法律体系的基础(1)Commonlaw,derivedfromEnglishlawandfoundinEngland,theUnitedStates,Canada,andothercountriesonceunderEnglishinfluence(2)Civilorcodelaw,derivedfromRomanlawandfoundinmuchofcontinentalEuropeancountriesandsomeAsiancountries.(3)Islamiclaw,derivedfromtheinterpretationoftheKoran对《古兰经》的解释andfoundinPakistan,Iran,SaudiArabia,andotherIslamicstates©2005PrenticeHall5-9CommonLawvs.CivilLaw1Commonlaw:–disputesaredecidedbyrelianceontheauthorityofpastjudicialdecisions司法判决Civillaw:–legalsystemreflectsthestructuralconceptsandprinciplesoftheRomanEmpire–Itisregardedasall-inclusive©2005PrenticeHall5-10CommonLawvs.CivilLaw2Undercommonlaw,ownershipisestablishedbyuse在英美法系中，所有权要经过使用才得以确立undercivillaw,ownershipisdeterminedbyregistration.在大陆法系中，所有权则通过登记加以确立©2005PrenticeHall5-11CommonLawvs.CivilLaw3Insomecivil-lawcountries,certainagreementsmaynotbeenforceableunlessproperlynotarizedorregistered在一些应用大陆法系的国家里，一些协议不经公证或登记就不具有强制执行力incommon-lawcountry,thesameagreementmaybebindingsolongasproofoftheagreementcanbeestablished.而在英美法系中只要能举证协议,这些协议就具有约束力。©2005PrenticeHall5-12CommonLawvs.CivilLaw4Undercommonlaw,actsofGodonlyreferstosomeextraordinaryhappeningofnature,suchasfloods,earthquakes,andsimilaroccurrences.在英美法系中，不可抗力是指自然界中所发生的偶然事件，如洪水、地震等类似灾害。Undercodelaw,actsofGodarenotlimitedsolelytoactsofnaturebutextendedtoinclude“unavoidableinterferencewithperformance,whetherresultingfromforcesofnatureorunforeseeablehumanacts”,includingsuchthingsaslaborstrikesandriots在大陆法系中，不可抗力不仅仅限于自然的行为，还延伸至包括对合同履行无法避免的干预，不管这种干预源于自然还是无法预见的人类行为，比如罢工或暴动。©2005PrenticeHall5-13IslamicLawLegalsysteminmanyMiddleEasterncountriesBasedonthesharia伊斯兰教教法-acomprehensivecodegoverningMuslimconductinallareasoflife管束穆斯林在生活的各方面行为的综合性法典–Koran《古兰经》–-HolyBook圣经–Hadith《哈底斯》圣训•Basedonlife,sayings,andpracticesofMuhammad•Identifiesforbiddenpractices“haram”–Islamiclawprohibitsthepaymentofinterest–ProhibitsinvestmentinactivitiesthatviolatetheShariae.g.,businessdealingwithalcohol,gambling©2005PrenticeHall5-14III.JurisdictioninInternationalLegalSystem国际法律体系中的司法管辖权Determiningwhoselegalsystemhasjurisdictionwhenacommercialdisputearisesisanotherproblemofinternationalmarketing.Wheninternationalcommercialdisputesmustbesettledunderthelawsofoneofthecountriesconcerned,themostimportantquestioninadisputeis:Whichlawgoverns?©2005PrenticeHall5-15Jurisdictionisgenerallydeterminedinoneofthreeways:–(1)onthebasisofjurisdictionalclausesincludedincontracts根据合同中所包含的司法管辖权条款–(2)onthebasisofwhereacontractwasenteredinto根据合同的签订地–(3)onthebasisofwheretheprovisionsofthecontractwereperformed根据合同的履行地©2005PrenticeHall5-16IV.InternationalDisputeResolutionInternationaldisputescanberesolvedby:–Conciliation调解–Arbitration仲裁–Litigation诉讼©2005PrenticeHall5-17ConciliationConciliation(alsoknownasmediation)isanonbindingagreementbetweenpartiestoresolvedisputesbyaskingathirdpartytomediatedifferences调解是指通过第三方协调当事双方的分歧，达成解决争议的无约束力的协定。Conciliationisconfidential调解是保密的©2005PrenticeHall5-18ArbitrationThearbitrationprocedurecallsforthepartiesinvolvedtoselectadisinterestedandinformedpartyorpartiesasrefereetodeterminethemeritsofthecaseandmakeajudgmentthatbothpartiesagreetohonor仲裁的通常程序是由有关双方选择公正无私、知情的一方或几方作为仲裁人，并由仲裁人来判断事情的是非曲直并做出双方同意执行的裁决。©2005PrenticeHall5-19Inmostcountries,decisionsreachedinformalarbitrationareenforceableunderthelaw在大多数国家，经过正式仲裁达成的决定是具有法律强制力的1958UnitedNationsConventionontheRecognitionandEnforcementofForeignArbitralAwards联合国承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约（NewYorkConvention纽约公约）–Mostimportanttreatyregardinginternationalarbitration©2005PrenticeHall5-20Formalinternationalarbitrationorganization:–TheInter-AmericanCommercialArbitrationCommission泛美商业仲裁委员会–TheCanadian-AmericanCommercialArbitrationCommission美加仲裁委员会–TheAmericanArb