语料库中语料的标注

崔　刚,盛永梅(清华大学　外语系,北京　100084)　:语料标注是实现原始语料机读化的关键环节,也是语料库语言学领域的一个重要研究课题。本文结合国内外的有关研究成果以及国外的部分大型英语语料库的标注实践,介绍与讨论了语料标注的原则、模式以及类型,以供国内在建设英语语料库的过程中借鉴。:语料库;语料;标注:H087　　　　:B　　　　:1000-0062(2000)01-0089-06、　,,,(McEnery&Wilson,1996),、。,。,,。,,,。,、、。、Leech,(1993):1.,。,,。,,。,,。2.,。,,。,。3.。,,,,。4.,。,:1999-9-5:　(1966-　),,,;(1976-　),,.　2000115()JOURNALOFTSINGHUAUNIVERSITY(PhilosophyandSocialSciences)　No.1　2000Vol.15。,,,,,,。5.,,。,,,,,。6.。,,,。,,。7.。,。,。,,,,,,。,,。,。:“,,。,。”、,,,。,。COCOA,OCP(OxfordConcordancePro-gram),“-”(Longman-Lancastercorpus)、“”。COCOA:,,A“”,,,SHAKESPEAR,。,ASHAKESPEAR。,COCOA,、、,。TEI(TextEncodingInitia-tive)(McEnery&Wilson,1996)。“”(TheBritishNationalCorpus)TEI。TEI(ACL,AssociationforComputa-tionalLinguistics)、(ALLC,AssociationforLiteraryandLinguisticComputing)(ACH,As-sociationforComputersandHumanities)。TEISGML(Stan-dardGeneralizedMarkupLanguage),,。TEI,(header)。,、、、、,。TEI(tags)(entityrefer-ences)。,、、,,。,(starttag)...,,(endtag),,/...。,p,/p。,(FSD,featuresystemdeclaration),&、;—。,vvd,v,v(lexicalverb),,d90(),,containedcontained&vvd、contained_vvdcontained;vvd。(DTD,documenttypedescription)。DTD、,。TEI、、。,,DTD、。DTDSGML,TEI。、、、、、、。1.,qcea.tagQCE(tag)A。,。、(、、)、、、(,)、(,、、)、(、)。TEI,。,80,。,COCOA,TEI。TEI(McEnery&Wilson,1996:32):例1.TEIHEADERFILEDESCTI-TLESTMTTITLELivesoftheSaintsfromtheBookofLismore:anelectronicedition/TITLEAUTHORAnonymous/AUTHORRE-SPSTMTRESPcompliedby/RESPNAMEElvaJohnston/NAME/RESPSTMT/TITLESTMTEDITIONSTMTEDI-TIONN=”1”FirstDraft,Revisedandcorrected.DATE1993-04-30/DATE/EDI-TIONRESPTMTRESPProofcorrectionby/RESPNAMEDrNicoleMeller/NAME。,,TEI,LivesoftheSaintsfromtheBookofLismore:anelectronicedition,,ElvaJohnston。1993430,NicoleMeller。2.。,,,,。,。,。COBUILD:BE　　BeBED　BewereBEDZ　BewasBEG　BeINGBEM　BeamBEN　BebeenBER　BeareCC　CD　CS　DEM　DO　DoDOD　DoDOZ　DoDT　DTG　DTP　EX　ThereHV　HaveHVD　HaveHVG　HaveINGHVNHave91　HVZ　　HaveINJJMDNEGnotNNNNSNPPNPPLPPLSPPOPPPPPSRBTOUH(yes,ugh,um)VBVBDVBGINGVBNVBZWHWH3.,,had,has,havinghave。,。,,。(Beale,1987),GeoffreySampsonSU-SANNE,,:例2.N12:0510g　_　PPHSlm　　He　　　heN12:0510h_VVDvstudiedstudyN12:0510I_ATthetheN12:0510j_NN1cproblemproblemN12:0510k_IFforforN12:0510m_DD22laaN12:0510n_DD222fewfewN12:0510p_NNT2secondssecondN12:0520a　_　CC　　and　　andN12:0520b_VVDvthoughtthinkN12:0520c_IOofofN12:0520d_AT1aaN12:0520e_NNcmeansmeansN12:0520f_IIbbybyN12:0520g_DDQrwhichwhichN12:0520h_PPH1ititN12:0520i_VMdmightmayN12:0520j_VB0bebeN12:0520k_VVNtsolvedsolveN12:0520m_+._.4.,,。。,(BNC)、-(Lancaster-Leeds)(SpokenEnglishCorpus),。,Claudiasatonastool.(S=,NP=,VP=,PP=,N=,V=,P=,AT=):例3.,,(BNC)():例4.[S[NPClaudia　NP1NP][VPsat　VVD[PPon　II[NPa　AT1stool　NN1NP]PP]VP]S]92(),,。(fullparsing)(skeletonparsing)。,。,5-(Lancaster-Leeds),6(SpokenEnglishCorpus):例5.[S[Ncsanother　DTnew　JJstyle　NNfea-ture　NNNcs][Vzbis　BEZVzb][Nsthe　ATI[NN/JJ&wine-glass　NN[JJ+or　CCflared　JJJJ+]NN/JJ&]heel　NN`　'[Fr[Nqwhich　WDTNq][Vzpwas　BEDZshown　VBNVzp][Tn[Vnteamed　VBNVn][Rup　RPR][Pwith　INW[NP[JJ/JJ/NN&pointed　JJ`　'[JJ　squared　JJJJ　]`　'{NN+and　CCchisel　NNNN+}JJ/JJ/NN&]toes　NNSNp〗P]Tn]Fr]Ns]`　'S]例6.[S&[PFor　IF[Nthe　ATmemebers　NN2[Pof　IO[Nthis　DD1university　NNL1N]P]N]P}[Nthis　DD1charter　NN1N][Venshrines　VVZ[a　AT1victorious　JJprinciple　NN1N]V]S&];　;and　CC[S+[Nthe　ATfruits　NN2[Pof　IO[Nthat　DD1victory　NN1N]P]N][Vcan　VMimmediately　RRbe　VB0seen　VVN[Pin　II[Nthe　ATinternational　JJcommunity　NNJ[Pof　IO[Nscholars　NN2N]P][Frthat　CST[Vhas　VHZgraduated　VVNhere　RLtoday　RTV]Fr]N}P}V]S+]`　'56,5,6,。,6N,5。5.。,。,。,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish(Janssen,1990)“”(fieldcode)。KlausSchmidt。Wilson(McEnery&Wilson,1996),Wilson(00000000-;13010000-;21030000-;21072000-;21110321-;21110400-;23241000-;312411000-):例7.And　　　　00000000the00000000soldiers23241000platted21072000a00000000crown21110400of00000000thorns13010000and00000000put21072000it00000000on00000000his00000000head21030000and00000000they00000000put21072000on00000000him　　　　00000000a00000000purple31241100robe211103217,WilsonSchmidt(1993),,93　,1、2、3,1“”,2“”,3“”,,,crown,211104,2“”,1,“”,1,“”,4,“”。6.,。Stenstrom(1984)“-”(Lon-don-LundCorpusofSpokenEnglish)。,16,,(sorry,excuseme)、(kindof,sortof)、(hello,goodmorning)、(please)。。,HallidayHasan(1976)《》。“-/”(Lan-caster-Oslo/BergenCorpus)。6,,,,,,。、　　、、,,,(1998),,。,,。,,,。:[1]Beale,A.Towardsadistributionallexicon,inGarside,R.,Leech,G.&Sampson(eds)TheComputationalAnalysisofEnglish:ACorpusBasedApproach.Long-man.1987.[2]Halliday,M.&Hasan,R.CohesioninEnglish,Long-man.1976.[3]Janssen,S.Automaticsense-disambiguationwithLDOCE:enrichingsyntacticallyanalyzedcorprawithse-manticdata,inAarts,J.&Meijs(eds)TheoryandPraccticeinCorpusLinguistics,Rodopi.1990.[4]Leech,G.Corpusannotationschemes,LiteraryandLin-guisticComputing.1993,8(4):275-469.[5]McEnery,T.&Wilson,A,CorpusLinguistics,Edin-burghUniversityPress.1996.[6]Schmidt,K.M.BegriffsglossarundIndexzuUlrichsvonZatzikhovenLanzelet,Niemeyer.1993.[7]Stenstrom,A.B.Discoursetags,inAarts,J.&Meijs(eds)TheoryandPraccticeinCorpusLinguistics,Rodopi.1984.[8].[J].《》,1998(3):17-28.[9].[J].《》,1998,(3):4-12.(　)94()