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(:430072):B021.4:A:2001.02.25:,,1946,,::1.(W.K.Heisenberg,1901-1976)1923(M.Born,1882-1970),(1924-1927),(N.Bohr,1885-1962),(A.Sommerfeld,1868-1951),,,19255,,,;,,:,,,,,,,,,x(t):x(n,t)==-A(n)ei(n)t==-A(n)ei(n,)t(1)A,,(n,)=(n).,n,n-=En-En-Ü(2)(n,)+(n,)=(n,+)(3)n,n-+n-,n-=n,n-(4),(n,),A(n)n,n-,An,n-:(n,)\n,n-A(n)\An,n-(5)(1)x(t).x(t)=An,n-in,n-at(6)13220016JournalofUniversityforStaffandWorkersofWISGCOVol.13.No.2June.2001,n,n-a,nn-,x(t),{An,n-in,n-t}=1,2,3,(7)x(t)(6),,x(t),p(t)=dx(t)/dt,(7),P(t),,T,V,E,L_,,x,p,,,,,,,(6),[x(t)]2,[x(t)]2=(An,n-in,n-at)(An-,n-in-a,n-t)=,An,n-An-,n-i(n,n-a+n-a,n-t=,An,n-An-,n-in,n-t(8),[x(t)]2Bn,n-in,n-t=An,n-An-,n-i(n,n-t(9),Ax(t),By(t),,x(t)y(t)CABCn,n-=An,n-Bn-,n-(10),xyyx(11)(10),,,,,,,,(P.Jordan,19021980),9[1],,qp,,,qppq-qp=ÜiI(I)(12)11,()[2],,,,10,(P.A.M.Dirac,1902),Üi{F,G}=9F9xj9G9pj-9F9pj9G9xj(13),F,G,=1i¶F,G(14),,192511[3],19261,[4],q,q(quantum)(queer),c,c(classical)(commuting),q,,q,q,(J.J.Balmer,18251898)192512,(W.Pauli),,,,,,193237:2.(E.SchrÊdinger,18871961)(LouisdeBroglie,1892).,(L.Boltzmann),1925(A.Einstein,18791995),,,:,BApds\;\;P\K_E\;V\Vg=ddk;,,?,,?,r_t(r_,t),(r_,t),,,,,HHV(r_,t),H:H=p22m+v(r^,t)(17)p=Üi¨=Üi(55x+55y+55z)(18),r=r(19)19261,[5]H(r)=En(r)En,,2[6]:iÜ55t(r,t)=H(r,t)(21)5[7],6[8]19266,M(Max.Born18821970)[9],,1933,=472001.6(2),,,q,:,,3,q,=,,,,,;:,,,,,,:,,,?,19265[10]:,,,(Von.Neumann,19031957)(Hilbertspace)[11],|t(),(),(r),|t](r,t),(r,t):Q(Q),|t]C1(t)C2(t)Cn(t),Cn(t)=Qn|t,(22),|t,:1=t|t=3(r,t)(r,t)dr=(C1(t),C2(t),,Cn(t),)3C1(t)C2(t)Cn(t)(23),FF,:F|=|(),F(r,P=F(r,Üi¨)F=F(r,R)=F(r,¶i¨)(24),Q,57:F=F11F12F1nF21F22F2nFm1Fm2Fmn,(25)FF:Fn=nn,n=1,2,3,,(26)F,n,(r),:F(r,Üi¨)n(r)=nn(r),(27);^Q,:F11F12F1nF21F22F2nFm1Fm2FmnC1C2Cn=nC1C2Cn,,,,[1]M.Born,P,Jordon,Z.Physik34,858(1925)[2]M.Born,W.Heisenberg,P,Jordon,Z.Physik35,557(1926)[3]P.A.M.Dirac,Proc.Roy.Soc.(Londou)A109,642(1925)[4]P.A.M.Dirac,Proc.Roy.Soc.(Londeou)A110,561(1926)[5]E.SchrÊdinger,Ann.Physik79,361(1926)[6]E.SchrÊdinger,Ann.Physik79,489(1926)[7]E.SchrÊdinger,Ann.Physik80,437(1926)[8]E.SchrÊdinger,Ann.Physik81,109(1926)[9]M.Born,Z.Physik37,863(1926)[10]E.SchrÊdinger,Ann.Physik79,734(1926)[11][M],19979672001.6(2)