学年论文-Abbreviations

哈尔滨师范大学学年论文题目：InvestigationandPracticalUseofAbbreviationsandAcronyms学生：樊明亮指导教师：年级：2008级专业：英语教育系别：英语教育系院系：西语学院哈尔滨师范大学2011年2月TERMPAPERENGLISHDEPARTMENTHARBINNORMALUNIVERSITYTITLE:INVESTIGATIONANDPRACTICALUSEOFABBREVIATIONS&ACRONYMSSTUDENT:FANMingliangTUTOR:GRADE:Grade2008MAJOR:EnglishEducationDEPARTMENT:EnglishDepartmentCOLLEGE:FacultyofWesternLanguagesandLiteraturesJanuary,2011HARBINNORMALUNIVERSITYINVESTIGATIONANDPRACTICALUSEDOFABBREVIATIONS&ACRONYMSFANMingliangAbstract:Anylanguagehasitsuniquewayoffacilitatingcommunication.Accordingly,miscellaneousforms,namelycontractions,initialisms,acronymsandshortenings,appeartodothatfavor.Abbreviationshappentobeoneofthemostconvenientformsofbothspokenandwrittenlanguageenvironement.Itsdiversecategories,users,developersaswellascreatorscontributestoalanguage’sfascinatingaspects.LikewiseisEnglish.Thistermpaperspecifiesthecategories,functions,formations,analysesandprofoundinvestigationsintowhichsettingtheyshouldbeapplied.Hopefully,thisareacanhelpmakeconstructivecontributionstoEnglishacquisition.KeyWords:abbreviation；acronyms；function；formation；usesIt’sincommunications(especiallywritten),theprocessorresultofrepresentingawordorgroupofwordsbyashorterformofthewordorphrase.AbbreviationstakemanyformsandcanbefoundinancientGreekinscriptions,inmedievalmanuscriptsTherearefourmainkindsofabbreviations:shortenings,contractions,initialisms,andacronyms.1Shorteningsofwordsusuallyconsistofthefirstfewlettersofthefullformandareusuallyspelledwithafinalperiodwhentheyarestillregardedasabbreviations.2Contractionsareabbreviatedformsinwhichlettersfromthemiddleofthefullformhavebeenomitted,forexample,Dr.=doctor,St.=saintorstreet.3Initialismsaremadeupoftheinitiallettersofwordsandarepronouncedasseparateletters:CIA(orC.I.A.),NYC,pm(orp.m.),U.S.(orUS).4Acronymsareinitialismsthathavebecomewordsintheirownright,orsimilarwordsformedfrompartsofseveralwords.ExcellentcommandofusingtheseshorteningscanassistinimprovingEnglishlanguagelearners’linguisticknowledge.DefinitionofAbbreviationinDictionaries:ashortenedformofawrittenwordorphraseusedinplaceofthewhole,reducedform-ashortenedformofawordorphrase.Reduction–theshorteningofawordoraphrasetobeusedtorepresentthefullform.Historyanddevelopment:incommunications(especiallywritten),theprocessorresultofrepresentingawordorgroupofwordsbyashorterformofthewordorphrase.AbbreviationstakemanyformsandcanbefoundinancientGreekinscriptions,inmedievalmanuscripts(e.g.,“DN”for“DominusNoster”),MarcusTulliusTirodevisedmanyabbreviationsthathavesurvivedtomoderntimes,suchasthecharacterampersand,&,foret(Latin:“and”).Butitwastheso-calledinformationexplosionofthe20thcenturythatmadeabbreviationacommonpracticeincommunication.Amajorfactorinthetrendtowardabbreviationisthatofeconomy.Intelegraphy,forexample,aswellasincomputerizedcommunications,theextratime,space,andmaterialsrequiredforrenderinglongwordsandphrasesisanimportantconcern.Fortunately,redundancyofinformationexistsinallspeech,andthisredundancyincreasesdramaticallyifthecontextisnotknownorifthemessageislong.Scientificstudiesindicatethatupto75percentofallinformationinrelativelylongcommunicationsisredundant,andthisknowledgemakesabbreviationnotonlypossiblebutconvenient.Anotherfactorinthedevelopmentofabbreviationsistheproliferationofnewproductsandorganizationsthatneedtobenamed.Longdescriptivetermscanbeshortenedintomnemonicunits.ThisisespeciallynoticeableinInternetcommunication,particularlywithe-mails,whereahugenumberofabbreviatedformscameintouseduringthe1990s.Theneedforspeedinshorthandandthedesiretoavoidredundancyincodesmakesabbreviationanimportantelementinstenographyandcryptographyaswell.Thereareseveralimportantformsofabbreviation.Oneformentailsrepresentingasinglewordeitherbyitsfirstletterorfirstfewletters(as“n”for“noun,”or“Co.”for“Company”),byitsmostimportantletters(as“Ltd.”for“Limited”),orbyitsfirstandlastletters(as“Rd.”for“Road”).Theseabbreviationsareusuallyspokenasthewholewordtheyrepresent.Truncationisespeciallycommoninpopularspeech,as,forexample,“theMet”for“theMetropolitanMuseumofArt”or“theMetropolitanOperaAssociation.”Attheendofthe1990s,therestrictedspaceofmobilephonescreensandtheawkwardnessoftypingonanumericalkeypadresultedinanewandhighlytruncatedvarietyoflanguage,aspeoplebegansendingtextmessageswithincreasingfrequency.Anewsetofabbreviations,oftenusingfirstlettersofthewordsinacolloquialphrase(asBTWfor“bytheway”)orusingnumberstostandforsounds(asL8Rfor“later”)werecombinedwiththistruncation(as“sup”for“What'sup?”).Thecombinationofthefirstsyllablesorlettersofcomponentwordswithinphrasesorwithinnameshavingmorethanonewordiscommonandoftenproducesacronyms,whicharepronouncedaswordsandwhichoftenceasetobeconsideredabbreviations.Anexampleofthistypeofabbreviationisthewordflak(fromGermanFliegerabwehrkanone,“antiaircraftcannon”).SuchcombinationsareespeciallycommonintheU.S.military,whichhasprovidedNORADfor“NorthAmericanAerospaceDefenseCommand.”AnexamplefromtheSovieteraisNarkomvneshtorgfor“NarodnyKomissariatVneshneyTorgovli”(Russian:“People'sCommissariateofFor