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Unit6GroupTechnologyGrouptechnologyisamanufacturingphilosophythatinvolvesidentifyingandgroupingcomponentshavingsimilarorrelatedattributesinordertotakeadvantageoftheirsimilaritiesinthedesignand/ormanufacturingphasesoftheproductioncycle.（成组技术是一个制造业的哲学概念，它涉及到具有相似或相关属性零件的标识和分组，这样我们可利用产品的相似性这种特点，把这种技术应用于产品生产的设计制造过程中）Historically,thisnovelprinciplefirstcameintobeinghereintheUnitedStatesin1920,whenFrederickTaylorsupportedtheideaofgroupingpartsthatrequiredspecialoperations.（历史上，这个新颖的理论是在1920年FrederickTaylor支持将需要特殊加工的零件成组而被第一次提出的）HewasfollowedbytheJonesandLamsonMachineCompanyintheearly1920s,whichusedacrudeformofgrouptechnologytobuildmachinetools.（在1920年早期，JonesandLamson公司继承他的思想，他们用粗糙的成组技术形式生产工具）Theirmanufacturingapproachinvolvedsuchprinciplesasdepartmentalizationbyproductratherthanbyprocessandminimizingtheroutingpaths.（他们使用这一原理的生产方法就是以产品来划分部门，而不是以工艺或缩短路径来划分部门）Today,grouptechnologyisimplementedthroughtheapplicationofwell-structuredclassificationandcodingsystemsandsupportingsoftwaretotakeadvantageofthesimilaritiesofcomponents.（现在，成组技术正在通过运用结构分类、代码系统和支持软件来利用相似零件的优势进一步实施）ReasonsforAdoptingGroupTechnologyModernmanufacturingindustriesareracingalotofchallengescausedbygrowinginternationalcompetitionandfast-changingmarketdemands.Thesechallenges,whichareexemplifiedinthefollowinglist,havebeenandcanbesuccessfullymetbygrouptechnology:（现在制造工业正在接受由日益激烈的国际化竞争和多变的市场要求带来的挑战。这些挑战可以用成组技术成功地解决，如下所列：）*Thereisanindustrialtrendtowardlow-volumeproduction(smalllotsizes)ofawidervarietyofproductsinordertomeettherisingdemandforspeciallyorderedproductsintoday'saffluentsocieties.Inotherwords,theshareofthebatch-typeproductioninindustryisgrowingdayafterday,anditisanticipatedthat75percentofallmanufacturedpartswillbeinsmalllotsizes.（工业生产发展的趋势是产品的品种更加多样而每种产品生产的数量减少，以此来满足当今繁荣社会不断增长的专门订货。换句话说，工厂中分批式生产的比例越来越高，预计将来全部的75%是小批量的。）*Asaresultofthefirstfactor,theconventionalshoporganizationisbecomingveryinefficientandobsoletebecauseofthewastefulroutingpathsoftheproductsbetweenthevariousmachinetooldepartments.（作为第一个因素的结果，传统的车间机构变得越来越低效和过时，因为产品在不同的工具部传送的时候浪费时间）*Thereisaneedtointegratethedesignandmanufacturingphasesinordertocutshorttheleadtime,thuswinningacompetitivesituationintheinternationalmarket.（有必要把设计和制造的阶段集成在一起可以减少订货至交货的时间，这样可以在国际化市场上具有竞争力）BenefitsofGroupTechnology(1)Benefitsinproductdesign.（在产品设计的优势）Concerningdesignofproducts,theprincipalbenefitofgrouptechnologyisthatitenablesproductdesignerstoavoidreinventingthewheel,orduplicatingengineeringefforts.（关于产品的设计，成组技术最主要的好处在于可以防止重复发明和复制工程成果）Inotherwords,iteliminatesthepossibilityofdesigningaproductthatwaspreviouslydesignedbecauseitfacilitatesstorageandeasyretrievalofengineeringdesigns.（换句话说，由于它存储方便，并且相关的工程设计很容易被取出，所以消除了发明以前就存在的产品）Whenanorderofapartisreleased,thepartisfirstcoded,andthenexistingdesignsthatmatchthatcodeareretrievedfromthecompany'slibraryofdesignsstoredinthememoryofacomputer,thussavingalargeamountoftimeindesignwork.（一旦要求设计某一个零件，这个零件首先被编码，然后检索存储于计算机存储器中的该公司的设计库，找出与这个编码相匹配的已有设计，这样便可节省大量的重复设计时间）Iftheexactpartdesignisnotincludedinthecompany'scomputerizedfiles,adesigncloseenoughtotherequiredonecanberetrievedandmodifiedinordertosatisfytherequirements,（如果在公司计算机存储器中没有完全吻合的设计，那就找出与之最相似的设计，修正后可以满足要求）Afurtheradvantageofgrouptechnologyisthatitpromotesstandardizationofproductiontoolsandwork-holdingdevices.（此外，成组技术可以促进生产工具和工件夹持装置的标准化）(2)Standardizationoftoolingandsetup.（加工和装配的标准化）Sincepartsaregroupedintofamilies,aflexibledesignforawork-holdingdevice(jigorfixture)canbemadeforeachfamilyinsuchamannerthatitcanaccommodateeverymemberofthatfamily,thusreducingthecostoffixturingbyreducingthenumberoffixturesrequired.（因为工件被分成了类别，对工件夹持装置的灵活设计可以应用于每个类的所有零件，这样可以减少所需要的夹持件的数量，从而减少了夹持装置的费用）Also,itisobviousthatamachinesetupcanbemadeonceforthewholefamily(becauseofthesimilaritiesbetweenthepartsofafamily)insteadofamachinesetupforeachoftheindividualparts.（并且，很显然一次的机器装配可以用于此类的所有零件，而不是只对单个零件适用）(3)Moreefficientmaterialhandling.（更高效的物料输送）Whentheplantlayoutisbasedonthegrouptechnologyprinciples,i.e,dividingtheplantintocells,eachconsistingofagroupofdifferentmachinetoolsandwhollydevotedtotheproductionofafamilyofparts,materialhandlingismoreefficientbecauseoftheminimalroutingpathsofpartsbetweenmachinetoolsachievedinthiscase.（基于成组技术原理规划工厂布局，即把工厂分为单元，每个单元由一组用于生产同一族零件的各种机床组成，这时原材料的传送是很有效的，因为这种情形下的零件在机床间的移动路径最短。）Thisisincontrastwiththemessyflowlinesinthecaseoftheconventionaldepartmentalization-by-processlayout.ThatcomparisonisclearlyillustratedinFig.6.1,whichindicatesbothcases.（这与传统的按工序分部门的很乱的布局形成了对比！）(4)Improvingeconomiesofbatch-typeproduction.(提高分批式生产的经济效益)Usually,batch-typeproductioninvolvesawidevarietyofnonstandardparts,seeminglywithnothingincommon.（通常，分批式生产包括各种各样的不标准零件，貌似它们没有共性）Therefore,groupingparts(andprocesses)infamiliesenabletoachieveeconomiesthatareobtainableonlyinmassproduction.（但是，分组技术只有在大量生产时才可以取得经济效益）(5)Easierscheduling.（更容易安排）Groupingthepartsintofamiliesfacilitatesthetaskofscheduling,sincethisworkwillbedoneforeachfamilyinsteadofforeachpart.（将工件分族可以降低安排任务的难度）(6)Reducedwork-in-processandleadtime.（减少在制品和订货至交货的时间）Reducedwork-in-process