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by作为介词，用法很多。请仔细观察下面的例句，分析by的用法，然后补全结论部分所缺的内容。【例句】1)Comeandsitbyus.2)Petergoestoworkbybuseveryday.3)Tonywillcomebackby10:00pm.4)Englishisspokenbylotsofpeople.5)Mybrotherstudieshistorybyworkingwithagroup.【结论】1)by可表示位置，(1)―__________‖，如句1。也有―从……旁边（经过）‖之意。2)by可表示交通、传递等的方式，如句2。3)by可表示时间，―到（某时）之前；不迟于‖，如句3。4)by可用于构成(2)________，―被，由‖，如句4。5)by可表示方式或手段，(3)―____________‖结构在句中作方式状语，―通过……方式（方法）‖或―借助……手段‖，如句5。Answers:(1)在„„旁边(2)被动语态(3)by+V-ing形式【运用】根据提示，用含有by的短语完成各句。1)AnniewenttoBeijing_______(乘火车)yesterday.2)Hisgrandfathermadealiving_________(靠卖水果)inthepast.3)Thescientistshavetoarriveatthevillage_________(八月以前).4)Allengoes_______________(经过邮局)onhiswaytoschooleverymorning.5)Thebookwaswritten____________(由几个工程师).Answers:1)bytrain2)bysellingfruits3)byAugust4)bythepostoffice5)byseveralengineers2.Whataboutreadingaloudtopracticepronunciation?大声朗读来练习发音怎么样？辨析aloud,loud和loudlyaloud出声地；大声地。常与read/call等词连用,不用于比较级。e.g.Don’treadaloudinthelibrary.不要在图书馆大声朗读。loud大声地；喧闹地。指说话声和笑声，常与talk/speak/laugh/sing等词连用,常用比较级。e.g.Wecan’thearyou.Pleasespeaklouder.我们听不到你的声音。请再大声点。loudly高声地；喧闹地。可以和loud互换，含有―吵闹‖的意思，不悦耳。Whatabout/Howabout…?后跟名词，代词或v.-ing。用于征求意见。e.g.Whataboutacupoftea?喝杯茶怎么样？Howaboutyou?你呢？What/Howaboutgoingtothezoothisafternoon?今天下午去动物园怎么样？3.It’stoohardtounderstandspokenEnglish.句中的it是形式主语,不定式短语tounderstandspokenEnglish是真正的主语。该句句型为:It’s+too+adj.+(forsb.)+todosth.意思是―(对某人来说)做某事是……的‖。如：It’stooimportanttokeephealthy.It’sdifficultforhimtolearntwolanguages.【链接】too...to...结构常表示―太……而不能……‖,too后面接形容词或副词,to后面接动词原形。如：Theroomistoodirtytolivein.Hewalkstooslowlytogetthereontime.【运用】将下面的句子翻译成英语。1)孩子们在那条河里游泳是危险的。It’sdangerousforthechildrentoswiminthatriver.2)晚饭后散步太有必要了。It’stoonecessarytotakeawalkaftersupper.3)水太烫,不能喝。Thewateristoohottodrink.Step10ExercisesⅠ.Choosethebestanswer.1.Hegoestoschool____bike.A.byB.onC.inD.at2.—HowdoyoustudyEnglishsowell?—By____lotsofbooks.A.readB.lookC.watchingD.readingAnswers:A,DⅡ.Completethefollowingsentences.1.大声朗读来练习发音怎么样？Whatabout____________topracticepronunciation?2.她通过读课本来学习英语。ShestudiesEnglish__________thetextbook.3.SheimprovesherEnglish_______________(通过加入英语俱乐部).Answers:1.readingaloud2.byreading3.byjoininganEnglishclubⅢ.Translation.1.老师要求我大声朗读课文。2.不要这么大声。婴儿在睡觉。3.我爸爸经常开车去上班。Answers:1.Theteacheraskedmetoreadaloudthetext.2.Don’ttalksoloudly.Thebabyissleeping.3.Myfatheroftengoestoworkbycar课本3a1.WhydidWeiFenfinditdifficulttolearnEnglish?finditdifficult/hardtodosth.发现做某事很困难【find用法归纳】findsb.doingsth.发现某人做某事findit+adj.+todosth.发现做某事很……findit+adj.todosth.中的it是形式宾语,adj.做宾补,todosth.是真正的宾语。同类的动词还有think,feel,consider等。【活学活用】1)Ifoundit__________(interest)totalkwithmygrandfather2)Ifoundithardforme___________(improve)spokenEnglish.Answers:interesting,toimprove2.ButIwasafraidtoaskquestionsbecauseofmypoorpronunciation.beafraidtodosth.害怕去做某事【afraid用法归纳】beafraidofsth./doingsth.害怕做某事(担心出现某种不良后果)beafraidtodosth.害怕去做某事(―怕‖或―不敢‖去做某事)beafraid+that恐怕……(礼貌地说出令人不快、失望或感到遗憾的事)【活学活用】Tinaissoshythatsheisafraidof____infrontofagroup.A.tospeakB.speakC.speakingD.spokeAnswer:C3.ThenonedayIwatchedanEnglishmoviecalledToyStory.called=named叫做【call用法归纳】callsb.=telephonesb.=phonesb.=givesb.acall=ringsb.Up给某人打电话callonsb.拜访某人4.Idiscoveredthatlisteningtosomethinginterestingisthesecrettolanguagelearning.discoverv.发现;发觉指偶然或经过努力发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物。e.g.ColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。5.Ialsolearnedusefulsentenceslike―It’sapieceofcake‖or―Itservesyouright.‖apieceofcake和servessb.right是英语中的两个习惯用语,也可称作习语idiom(s)。同汉语中的成语类似,习语是人们在长期的语言运用中约定俗成的一种固定表达方式,其意思往往不是字面所表达的含义。如:apieceofcake表示事情非常简单、易于解决,相当于汉语的―小菜一碟;小事一桩‖;servessb.right则相当于汉语说某人―活该‖。6.ButbecauseIwantedtounderstandthestory,Ilookedthemupinadictionary.lookup(在词典、参考书中或通过电脑)查阅;抬头看【look用法归纳】lookafter照顾looklike看起来像lookout当心,小心lookthrough浏览lookfor寻找lookforwardto期待lookaround向四周看have/takealook看一看lookover检查Step4Summary发现做某事很难finditdifficulttodosth.语言学习的秘密thesecrettolanguagelearning害怕做某事beafraidtodosth.爱上fallinlovewith肢体语言bodylanguage脸上的表情theexpressionsonthefaces关健词keywords对……感兴趣beinterestedin语言学习的秘密lookupthewordinthedictionaryStep5GrammarHowdoyoulearnEnglish?Ilearnbystudyingwithagroup.DoyoulearnEnglishbyreadingaloud?Yes,1do.Ithelpsmypronunciation.HowcanIreadfaster?Youcanreadfasterbyreadingwordgroups.HowcanIimprovemypronunciation?Onewayisbylisteningtotapes.动名词定义:它是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词形式。基本形式:V-ing作用:动名词具有名词的性质，在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语等。动名词的基本用法1.用作主语所表动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作。e.g.Playingwithfireisdangerous.注意：动名词做主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。1)Itisnouse/good/useless+doing…2)Itisawasteoftime+doing…3)Itisfun+doing…在以上结构中常用动名词作主语。e.g.It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.(覆水难收）Thereisnojokingaboutthematter.Itisfunplayingwithchildren.和孩子们一起玩真好。2.用作宾语1)作动词的宾语常见的此类动词有：practise,enjoy,finish,giveup,cannothelp,keep,keepon,mind,miss,putoff,dependon,thinkabout,succeedin,worryabout,beusedto,getusedto,lookforwardto,payattentionto等。e.g.Howdoyoupracticespeaking?Ihavetofinishreadingabookandgiveareport.2)作介词的宾语1.IlearnEnglishbydoinggrammarexercises.2.Shallwehavearestorgetdowntodoingourwork?3.Hewaslateagainbecauseofgettinguplate.4.Lockthedoorsandwindow