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Likeafishintheocean,manisconfinedtoaveryshallowlayerofatmosphere.ThegaseousenvelopeoftheEarthisphysicallyinhomogeneousinboththeverticalandhorizontaldirections,althoughthehorizontalinhomogeneityismuchlessmarkedthantheverticalinhomogeneity.Variouscriteriahavebeendevisedfordividingtheatmosphereintolayers.Thisdivisioncanbebasedonthenatureoftheverticaltemperatureprofile,onthegaseouscompositionoftheairatdifferentaltitudes,andtheeffectoftheatmosphereonaircraftatdifferentaltitudes,etc.Thedivisionbasedonthevariationoftheairtemperaturewithaltitudeisusedmostcommonlyinthemeteorologicalliterature.AccordingtoapublicationoftheagrologicalcommissionoftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)in1961,theEarth’satmosphere,isdividedintofivemainlayers:thetroposphere,thestratosphere,themesosphere,thethermosphereandtheexosphere.Theselayersareboundedbyfourthintransitionregions:thetropospause,thestratospause,themesospause,thethermospause.ThetroposphereisthelowerlayeroftheatmospherebetweentheEarth’ssurfaceandthetropopause.Thetemperaturedropswithincreasingheightinthetroposphere,atameanrateof6.5℃perkilometer(lapserate).Theupperboundaryofthetroposphereliesataheightofapproximately8to12kminthepolarandtropospherecontainsabout75%ofthetotalmassofatmosphericair,whileinthetropicsitcontainsabout90%.Thetropoauseisanintermediatelayerinwhicheitheratemperatureinversionoranisothermaltemperaturedistributionisobserved.Thestratosphereistheatmosphericlayerabove就像海洋中的鱼一样,人类被局限在大气中一个非常狭窄的层次之内。虽然地球的大气层在水平方向上的不均匀性比在垂直高度上的不均匀性要小得多。但它确确实实在水平和垂直两个方向上都是不均匀的。人们设计了各种各样的标准来划分大气的层次。有的基于垂直温度廓线的性质，有的根据空气在不同高度上的大气成分，有的根据大气在不同高度上对飞机的影响来划分等等。根据空气温度随高度的变化来划分（大气的层次）是气象文献中用得最普遍的一种划分方法。根据1961年世界气象组织大气学委会公布的标准，地球大气被划分为5个主要层次：对流层，平流层，中层，热成层以及外逸层。这些层次之间邻接着4个浅薄的过渡区域：对流层顶，平流层顶，中层顶以及热成层顶。对流层是介于地球表面和对流层顶之间的大气低层．在对流层中，温度以平均6.5℃/km的递减率随高度的增加而降低，其上边界在极地和中纬度地区大约位于8—12Km的高度，在热带地区大约位于16-18Km的高度。在极地和中纬度，对流层包含了大气层中空气质量的75%左右，然而在热带地区，包含了大约90%。对流层顶是一个中间层次，据观测，其温度是逆温或是等温分布。thetroposphere.Inthestratospherethetemperatureeitherincreaseswithheightorremainsnearlyconstant.Inthelowerpartofthestratosphere(uptoapproximately20kmabovetheEarth’ssurface)thetemperatureispracticallyconstant(about－56℃).Whilefurtherupthetemperatureincreaseswithaltitudeatarateofabout1℃/kmatheightsof20to30kmandabout2.8℃/kmataltitudesfrom32to47km.Underthestandardconditionsthetemperatureatthe47kmlevelisnormally-2.5℃.ThisincreaseintemperaturewithheightisduetotheabsorptionofUVsolarradiationbyozonemolecules.Itshouldbenotedthatabout99%ofthetotalmassofatmosphericairisconcentratedinthetroposphereandstratosphere,whichextenduptoanlatitudeof30or35km.Thestratopauseisanintermediatelayerbetweenthestratosphereandthemesosphere(inthealtituderegionfrom47to52km),inwhichthetemperatureremainsconstantatabout0℃.Thethermosphereistheatmosphericlayerabovethemesopause.Thetemperatureinthislayerincreaseswithincreasingaltitude,reachingabout2000℃atabout450km,themeanheightoftheupperboundaryofthethermosphere.ThetemperatureincreaseinthislayerismainlycausedbytheabsorptionofUVsolarradiationbyoxygenmolecules,whichdissociateasaresultofthis.Theexosphereisthefurthestoutandtheleaststudiedpartoftheupperatmosphere.Itislocatedabove450kmaltitude.Theairdensityintheexosphereissolowthatatomsandmoleculescanescapefromitintointerplanetaryspace.Finally,alongwiththeabovedivisionoftheatmosphere,wewillalsomakeuseofadivision平流层是位于对流层之上的大气层，在平流层中，温度或是随高度增加，或是几乎保持定常。在平流层的低层（直到地球表面之上大约20Km）温度实际是一个常数（大约-56℃）。然而再向上，大约20Km~30Km的高度，温度随高度以1℃/km的速度增加，从30Km~47Km高度上，以2.8℃/km的速率增加。在标准情况下，47Km高度上正常的温度是-2.5摄氏度。温度随高度的增加是由于太阳辐射的紫外线被臭氧分子吸收的缘故。值得一提的是大气层中空气总质量的99%都集中在对流层和平流层中，一直伸展到30-35Km的高度上。平流层顶位于平流层和中间层的中间层（大约从47-52Km的高度上），平流层顶温度保持定常，约为0摄氏度。热成层是位于中层顶上的大气层，其温度随高度的增加而增加，到热成层上边界的平均高度，即大约在450Km高度上，达到大约2000摄氏度。该层中温度的增加主要是因为太阳辐射的紫外线被氧分子吸收，分解所致。外逸层是最远的，也是研究最少的大气的上层部分。它位于大约450Km的高度上。外逸层中空气的密度非常小，以致原子和分子都能逃逸到星际空间。basedontheextentofatmosphericinteractionwiththeEarth’ssurface.Accordingtothisprincipe,theatmosphereisusuallydividedintoasocalledboundarylayer(sometimesalsocalledthefrictionlayer)andthefreeatmosphere.Theatmosphericboundarylayer(upto1or1.5km)isinfluencedconsiderablybytheEarth’ssurfaceandbyeddy-viscosityforces.Atthesametime,wecanneglect,asafirstapproximation,theinfluenceofeddy-viscosityforcesinthefreeatmosphere.Ofalltheaboveatmosphericlayers,onlythetroposphere(especiallyitsboundarylayer)ischaracterizedbyamarkedinstabilityoftheverticaldistributionofthemeteorologicalparameters.Itisinthislayerthatbothtemperatureinversionsandsuperadiabatictemperaturevariationswithheightareobserved.TheEarth’satmosphereisamixtureofgasesandaerosols,thelatterbeingthenamegiventoasystemcomprisedofsmallliquidandsolidparticlesdistributedintheair.Airisnotaspecificgas:rather,itisamixtureofmanygases.Someofthem,suchasnitrogen,oxygen,argon,neon,andsoon,mayberegardedaspermanentatmosphericcomponentsthatremaininfixedproportionstothetotalgasvolume.Otherconstituentssuchaswatervapor,carbondioxide,andozonevaryinquantityfromplacetoplaceandformtimetotime.Theprincipalsourcesofnitrogen,themostabundantconstituentofair,aredecayingfromagriculturaldeb