17世纪英国文学概况

ASurveyofthe17thEnglishCentury—RevolutionandRestorationHistoricalBackgrounds1603JamesI---Theconflictbetweenthekingandtheparliament---TheconflictbetweentheCavaliersandthePuritans1625CharlesI1642:OutbreakofCivilWar1649:ExecutionofCharlesIbeginningofCommonwealthandProtectorate(1649-1660)OliverCromwell1660CharlesII1688The“GloriousRevolution”---constitutionalmonarchy---freedevelopmentofcapitalismTheOutburstoftheEnglishRevolutiontheParliamentaryparty(议会党)theRoyalists(保皇党)twocampsOliverCromwell,bymerchants,artisans,apprentices,peasants,citiesandcountrysidetheKing(CharlesI),bytheconservativegentry(保守党的贵族们),Thebiglandlords,themonopolistsLiteratureofthePeriodthePuritanstheRoyaliststwotypesofwritersthePuritantypetheCavaliertypetwoantagonistic(敌对的)camps:EnglishliteratureoftheRevolutionandRestorationperiodwasverymuchconcernedwiththetremendoussocialupheavalsofthetime.TheRepresentativewritersthePuritan清教徒派1)JohnMilton(约翰·弥尔顿)（1608-1674）2)JohnBunyan(约翰·班扬)（1628-1688）theMetaphysical玄学派JohnDonne(约翰·邓恩)（1572?-1631）theCavalier骑士派JohnDryden(约翰·德莱顿)（1631-1700）KeyTermsPuritanism清教主义Metaphysicalpoets/school玄学派Metaphysicalconceit玄学奇喻Cavalierpoets/school骑士派PuritanismItwasthereligiousdoctrineoftherevolutionarybourgeoisieduringtheEnglishRevolution.Itpreachedthrift,sobriety,hardworkandunceasinglabour.Worldlypleasureswerecondemnedasharmful.ThemetaphysicalpoetsThenameisgiventoagroupofEnglishlyricpoetsofthe17thcenturywhoseworksarenotablefortheuseofintellectualandtheologicalconcepts,surprisingconceits,strangeparadoxes,andfar-fetchedimagery.ThemostimportantmetaphysicalpoetsareJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbert,andAndrewMarvell.Theirworkshaveconsiderablyinfluencedthepoetryofthe20thcentury.TheMetaphysicalConceit(玄学奇喻）Itisadeviceoftenusedbythe17thcenturymetaphysicalpoets.Theyfashionedconceitsthatwerewitty,complex,intellectual,andoftenstartlingbyusingfancifulorunusualimagesinwhichapparentlydissimilarthingsareshowntohavearelationship.Cavalierpoets/schoolagroupofEnglishpoetsassociatedwithCharlesIduringtheEnglishCivilWar.Theywrotepolishedandelegantlyrics,typicallyonloveanddallianceandsometimesonwar,honour,anddutytotheking,embodyingthelifeandcultureofupper-class.TheleadingCavalierpoetswereRobertHerrick,SirJohnSuckling,andThomasCarew.DifferentaspectsbetweentheliteratureofElizabethanperiodandthatoftheRevolutionperiodElizabethanliteraturehadamarkedunityandthefeelingofpatriotismanddevotiontotheQueen,butintherevolutionperiod,thekingbecametheopenenemiesofthepeople,andthecountrywasdividedbythestruggleforpoliticalandreligiousliberty,sowastheliterature.Elizabethanliteraturewasinspiring.Itwasfilledwithyouth,hopeandvitality.Literatureintherevolutionperiodwascoloredwithgloomandpessimism,ageandsadness.Elizabethanliteraturewasintenselyromantic,butthepuritanliteraturewasnotatall.JohnMilton(1608—1674)—apoetandafreedomfighterJohnBunyan（1628-1688）apuritanprosewriterPilgrim’sProgress(天路历程）Theproseallegorydescribesareligiousman’spilgrimageinsearchofsalvation,andgivesatruthfulpictureofEnglishsociety.adreamChristian---everyChristianinhumanworldrealisticcolorsimple,biblicalstylePredominantmetaphor---lifeasajourneyAnalysis:ThePilgrim’sProgresstheCityofDestruction毁灭城theSloughofDespond绝望泥潭theVanityFair名利场DoubtingCastle怀疑城堡theDelectableMountains快乐山theCelestialCity天国城具有寓意性质的地名具有寓意性质的人名FaithfulMalice怨恨Badman恶人Pickthank拍马SuperstitionEnvyJudgeHate-good恨善法官Truth对当时社会现实生活作了相当广泛的批判性描述JohnDryden（1631-1700）PoetLaureate;playwright;criticCommentsGreatestfigureoftheRestoration;1)Inpoetry:heroiccouplets2)Inprose:establishtheneoclassicalstandards“fatherofEnglishprose”3)Inliterarycriticism:AnEssayofDramaticPoesy“fatherofEnglishcriticism”JohnDonne（1572-1631）thefounderofMetaphysicalpoetry(writingonlove,deathandreligion)AVALEDICTION:FORBIDDINGMOURNING(excerpts)JohnDonneIftheybetwo,theyaretwosoAsstifftwincompassesaretwo;Thysoul,thefix'dfoot,makesnoshowTomove,butdoth,ifth'otherdo.Andthoughitinthecentresit,Yet,whentheotherfardothroam,Itleans,andhearkensafterit,Andgrowserect,asthatcomeshome.Suchwiltthoubetome,whomust,Liketh'otherfoot,obliquelyrun;Thyfirmnessmakesmycirclejust,AndmakesmeendwhereIbegun.“TheFlea”Itsuckedmefirst,andnowsucksyou,Andinthisflea,ourtwobloodsmingledbe;-------ThisfleaisyouandI,andthisOurmarriagebed,andmarriagetempleis;离别辞：莫悲伤（节选）就还算两个吧，两个却这样和一副两脚规情况相同；你的灵魂是定脚．并不像移动．另一脚一移，它也动。虽然它一直是坐在中心，可是另一个去天涯海角，它就侧了身．倾听八垠；那一个一回家，它马上挺腰。你对我就会这样子，我一生像另外那一脚，得侧身打转；你坚定，我的圆圈才会准，我才会终结在开始的地点。TheconstancyoftheloveThe“compasses”conceitindicatestheirmutuallove,whichcanstandthetestoftimeandbecomesimmortalgold.Donneprovidesakeytounderstandthenatureofmaturelove.Themeofthepeom