城市规划外文翻译

外文文献翻译河北工程大学建筑学院城市规划11011AKNOWLEDGE-BASEDCONCEPTUALVISIONOFTHESMARTCITYElsaNEGRECamilleROSENTHAL-SABROUXMilaGASCóLAMSADELAMSADECenterforInnovationinCitiesParis-DauphineUniversityParis-DauphineUniversityInstituteforInnovationSIGECADTeamSIGECADTeamandKno[e-mail][e-mail]@esade.edu2AbstractThetermsmartcityisafuzzyconcept,notwelldefinedintheoreticalresearchesnorinempiricalprojects.Severaldefinitions,differentfromeachother,havebeenproposed.However,allagreeonthefactthataSmartCityisanurbanspacethattendstoimprovethedailylife(work,school,...)ofitscitizens(broadlydefined).Thisisanimprovementfromdifferentpointsofview:social,political,economic,governmental.Thispapergoesbeyondthisdefinitionandproposesaknowledge-basedconceptualvisionofthesmartcity,centeredonpeople’sinformationandknowledgeofpeople,inordertoimprovedecision-makingprocessesandenhancethevalue-addedofbusinessprocessesofthemoderncity.1.IntroductionOverthepastfewdecades,thechallengesfacedbymunicipal,suchasurbangrowthormigration,havebecomeincreasinglycomplexandinterrelated.Inadditiontothetraditionalland-useregulation,urbanmaintenance,production,andmanagementofservices,governmentsarerequiredtomeetnewdemandsfromdifferentactorsregardingwatersupply,naturalresourcessustainability,education,safety,ortransportation(Gascóetal,2014).Innovation,andtechnologicalinnovationinparticular,canhelpcitygovernmentstomeetthechallengesofurbangovernance,toimproveurbanenvironments,tobecomemorecompetitiveandtoaddresssustainabilityconcerns.Sincetheearly90s,thedevelopmentofInternetandcommunicationtechnologieshasfacilitatedthegenerationofinitiativestocreateopportunitiesforcommunicationandinformationsharingbylocalauthorities.ThisphenomenonappearedintheUnitedStatesthenmovedtoEuropeandAsia.Indeed,inoureverydaylife,wearemoreandmoreinvadedbydataandinformation.ThisflowofdataandinformationisoftentheresultofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT).Moreover,potentialitiesofICT,thathavealmostexponentiallyincreasedhavegivenrisetoahugemassofdatatotreat(Batty,2013).Theworldisbecomingincreasinglydigitalandpeopleareaffectedbythesechanges.Also,thedigitalinfrastructureinfersaninformationenvironmentthatis“asimperceptibletousaswateristoafish”(McLuhan&Gordon,2011).Thereexistsakindofparallelismbetweentechnologiesandhumans.Ononehand,peopleusetechnologiesmoreandmoreandarehyperconnected,and,ontheotherhand,(numeric)systemsaremoreandmoreuser-centered(Viitanen&Kingston,2014).Thus,3withincities,systemshavetoadapttohyper-connectedcitizens,inaveryparticularenvironment,theoneofcitiesinconstantevolutionwheresystemsandhumansarenested.Theadventofnewtechnologiesalsoconfrontsthecitytoalargeinfluxofdata(BigData)fromheterogeneoussources,includingsocialnetworks.Itisalsoimportanttonotethatmuchinformationand/orknowledgeflowbetweendifferentpeople(withdifferentusesandbackgrounds)andbetweendifferentstakeholders(Kennedy,2012).Inthisrespect,thecityseesthatnumerousdatacirculateviatheinternet,wirelesscommunication,mobilephones,…Finally,smartcitiesareexposedtotechnologicalissuestiedtothehugemassofdatawhichpasswithinthem.Thesedatacancarryknowledgeand,bytheway,thesmartcity,anddefacto,thesmartcity,awareoftheexistenceandofthepotentialofthisknowledge,canexploitandusethem.Notethat,foracity,allcitizensbecomeknowledgecitizens,especiallythosewhoseknowledgeisthecrucialfactorenablingthemtoimprovetheirdecision-makingprocesses.Inthisrespect,knowledgeisfundamentallyvaluabletomakebetterdecisionsandtoactaccordingly.Giventhiscontext,thispaperfocusesonknowledgeinthesmartcity.Thepaperdiscussesbothexplicitknowledge(knowledgeextractedfromdatawhichflowswithinthecity)andtacitknowledge(thatis,citizen’sknowledge).Ourargumentistwofold:ononehand,webelievethat,duetotheimportanceforthecitymanagementoftacitknowledge,thecityshouldbeclosertoitscitizens(Bettencourt,2013).Ontheother,acitycanbecomesmarterbyimprovingitsdecision-makingprocessand,therefore,bymakingbetterdecisions.ICTcanhelpinthisrespect:moredataandbetter-manageddataresultin,notonlymoreinformation,butalsomoreknowledge.Moreknowledgegivesrisetobetterdecisions(Grundsteinetal,2003;Simon,1969).Theremainderofthispaperisorganizedasfollows.Next,wepresentsomeliteratureonsmartcitiesandknowledge.Subsequently,wedescribetheopportunitiesandchallengessmartcitiesofferforcitiesdevelopmentandgrowth.TheCity’sInformationandKnowledgeSystemisthenintroduced.Finally,webringtoaclose,drawingsomeconclusionsonwhataknowledge-basedsmartcityis.2.RelatedWork2.1.OnsmartcitiesTheoriginsofthesmartcityconceptarerelatedtotheEuropeanUnion’senergeticefficiencyprogramsthataimedatmakingcitiessustainable(AMETIC,2013).However,importantconceptualtrendshavealsocontributedtothe4emergenceofthisterm.Inparticular,theinfluenceofopeninnovationhasbeenkey.Chesbrough(2006&2003)definesopeninnovationasastrategybywhichfirmscommercializeexternal(aswellasinternal)ideasbydeployingoutside(aswellasin-house)pathwaystothemarket.Inaddition,“ideascanalsooriginateouts