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1Title：Brownv.BoardofEducationofTopeka,Kansas2Facts:Summarizethefactsofthecase.Listonlytheessentialfactsthatyouneedtounderstandtheholdingandreasoningofthecase.minorsoftheNegrorace,throughtheirlegalrepresentatives,seektheaidofthecourtsinobtainingadmissiontothepublicschoolsoftheircommunityonanonsegregatedbasis.Ineachinstance,theyhadbeendeniedadmissiontoschoolsattendedbywhitechildrenunderlawsrequiringorpermittingsegregationaccordingtorace.ThissegregationwasallegedtodeprivetheplaintiffsoftheequalprotectionofthelawsundertheFourteenthAmendment.ThiscaseisaconsolidationofseveraldifferentcasesfromKansas,SouthCarolina,Virginia,andDelaware.Severalblackchildren(throughtheirlegalrepresentatives,Ps)soughtadmissiontopublicschoolsthatrequiredorpermittedsegregationbasedonrace.TheplaintiffsallegedthatsegregationwasunconstitutionalundertheEqualProtectionClauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.Inallbutonecase,athreejudgefederaldistrictcourtcitedPlessyv.Fergusonindenyingreliefunderthe“separatebutequal”doctrine.OnappealtotheSupremeCourt,theplaintiffscontendedthatsegregatedschoolswerenotandcouldnotbemadeequalandthattheywerethereforedeprivedofequalprotectionofthelaws.3Procedure:Mostofthecasesthatyou'llreadinlawschoolwillbeappellatecourtdecisions.Inthissection,youwanttolistwhathappenedinthelowercourt(s).Donotgointotoomuchdetail.Oneortwosentencesaresufficientforthissection.IneachofthecasesotherthantheDelawarecase,athree-judgefederaldistrictcourtdeniedrelieftotheplaintiffsontheso-calledseparatebutequaldoctrineannouncedbythisCourtinPlessyv.Ferguson,163U.S.537.Underthatdoctrine,equalityoftreatmentisaccordedwhentheracesareprovidedsubstantiallyequalfacilities,eventhoughthesefacilitiesbeseparate.IntheDelawarecase,theSupremeCourtofDelawareadheredtothatdoctrine,butorderedthattheplaintiffsbeadmittedtothewhiteschoolsbecauseoftheirsuperioritytotheNegroschools.4Issue(s):Whatis/arethequestion(s)facingthecourt?Formtheissuequestionsinawaythattheycanbeansweredbyyesorno.DoseparatebutequallawsintheareaofpubliceducationdepriveblackchildrenoftheequalprotectionofthelawsguaranteedbytheFourteenthAmendmentoftheUnitedStatesConstitution(Constitution)?Doessegregationofchildreninpublicschoolssolelyonthebasisofrace,eventhoughthephysicalfacilitiesandothertangiblefactorsmaybeequal,deprivethechildrenoftheminoritygroupofequaleducationalopportunities?Webelievethatitdoes.Istherace-basedsegregationofchildreninto“separatebutequal”publicschoolsconstitutional?5Holding:Howdidthecourtanswertheissuequestion(s)?YES/NO?Weconcludethatinthefieldofpubliceducationthedoctrineofseparatebutequalhasnoplace.Separateeducationalfacilitiesareinherentlyunequal.Therefore,weholdthattheplaintiffsandotherssimilarlysituatedforwhomtheactionshavebeenbroughtare,byreasonofthesegregationcomplainedof,deprivedoftheequalprotectionofthelawsguaranteedbytheFourteenthAmendment.ThisdispositionmakesunnecessaryanydiscussionwhethersuchsegregationalsoviolatestheDueProcessClauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.No.Therace-basedsegregationofchildreninto“separatebutequal”publicschoolsviolatestheEqualProtectionClauseoftheFourteenthAmendmentandisunconstitutional.ChiefJusticeEarlWarren(J.Warren)statedthatevenifthe“tangible”factorsofsegregatedschoolsareequal,toseparateblackchildrenfromothersofsimilarageandqualificationssolelyonthebasisofrace,generatesafeelingofinferioritywithrespecttotheirstatusinthecommunityandmayaffecttheirheartsandmindsinawayunlikelytoeverbeundone.SegregationofchildreninthepublicschoolssolelyonthebasisofracedeniestoblackchildrentheequalprotectionofthelawsguaranteedbytheFourteenthAmendment,eventhoughthephysicalfacilitiesandothermaybeequal.Educationinpublicschoolsisarightwhichmustbemadeavailabletoallonequalterms.ThequestionpresentedinthesecasesmustbedeterminednotonthebasisofconditionsexistingwhentheFourteenthAmendmentwasadopted,butinthelightoftheroleofpubliceducationinAmericanlifetoday.TheseparatebutequaldoctrineadoptedinPlessyv.Ferguson,whichappliedtotransportation,hasnoplaceinthefieldofpubliceducation.Separatingblackchildrenfromotherssolelybecauseoftheirracegeneratesafeelingofinferiorityastotheirstatusinthecommunitythatmayaffecttheirheartsandmindsinawayunlikelyevertobeundone.Theimpactofsegregationisgreaterwhenithasthesanctionoflaw.Asenseofinferiorityaffectsthemotivationofachildtolearn.Segregationwiththesanctionoflawtendstoimpedetheeducationalandmentaldevelopmentofblackchildrenanddeprivesthemofsomeofthebenefitstheywouldreceiveinanintegratedschoolsystem.WhatevermayhavebeentheextentofpsychologicalknowledgeatthetimeofPlessyv.Ferguson,thisfindingisamplysupportedbymodernauthorityandanylanguagetothecontraryinPlessyv.Fergusonisrejected.6Reasoning:Thisisthemostimportantsectionofyourcasebrief.Hereyouwanttolistthereasoningofthemajorityinreachingitsdecision.Youcanactuallybequitedetailedinthissection.Listwhatthelawwasbeforethiscasewasdecidedandhowthelawhaschangedafterthisdecision.Lawprofessorslovetodiscussthereasoningofacaseinclassdiscussions.1.educationisperhapsthemostimportantfunctionofstateandlocalgovernments.itisdoubtfultha