Contents1.词性.........................................................................................................................................31.1主要词性的列表...................................................................................................................31.2非谓语动词(不定式和动名词)......................................................................................52.句子成分.................................................................................................................................63.单句.........................................................................................................................................84.从句.......................................................................................................................................104.1从句的分类.........................................................................................................................104.1.1状语从句......................................................................................................................104.1.2名词性从句.................................................................................................................104.1.3定语从句......................................................................................................................115.语法的常见错误...................................................................................................................135.1关于冠词和单复数的语法错误.........................................................................................135.2词性使用错误.....................................................................................................................155.3谓语错误.............................................................................................................................175.3.1主谓不一致..................................................................................................................175.3.2时态..............................................................................................................................185.3.3情态动词+do................................................................................................................195.3.4被动语态或者是主系表结构没有加be动词............................................................195.3.5动词原形之前永远不能加be动词(包括is,are等)...........................................195.3.6不可能同时出现两个助动词,或者一个情态动词+一个助动词............................195.4句子结构的常见问题...................................................................................................206附录.......................................................................................................................................226.1附录1一些比较容易搞错的不可数名词.......................................................................22非母语学习者学习英文一定要注意语法。因为他们是用眼睛学英文的,而不是用耳朵和嘴巴。即便他们每天和nativespeakers交流,也很难短时间熟悉很多句子。花1-2天学习语法的规则和概念,可以提高你们的改错能力,句子的写作能力。这是英文学习的基础。很多同学会问,那么语法学习学到什么程度才算达标呢?下面是老顾所总结的语法学习的几个衡量标准。1懂得词性(譬如说动词介词等)和用法特点2懂得单词在句子之中充当的成分(譬如说主谓宾等)3懂得察觉语法错误或者句子错误。一般来说,雅思如果有四大错误,就很难获得六分。1冠词和名词单复数错误2词性错误(譬如说介词当连词使用)3谓语错误4句子结构错误如何使用PDF去搜索你要的信息?CTRL+F,出现对话框,输入你想搜索的关键词,“不定式”1.词性1.1主要词性的列表1名词noun包括可数(countable)和不可数(uncountable)2代词pronoun3动名词gerund就是动词加上ing,用作名词譬如说:Ienjoyworkingasateacher.(working就是个动名词)4不定式infinitive(todoortodosomething)不定式和动名词一样,也是类似于名词的东西譬如说:Iwanttoworkasateacher.(toworkasateacher就是不定式)5动词verb,包括及物(transitiveverb)和不及物(intransitiveverb)6形容词adjective7现在分词presentparticiple现在分词可能是谓语的一部分例:Iamworkingfromhomenow.(working现在分词,表示进行时态)也可能是类似于形容词的东西例::Thiscompanyhasmanyemployeesworkingfromhome.(workingfromhome现在分词,充当定语)8过去分词pastparticiple过去分词可能是谓语的一部分例:Ihavedonethistask.(done过去分词,表示完成时态)也可能是类似于形容词的东西例::IhavemanybookswritteninEnglish.(writteninEnglish过去分词,充当定语)9介词(preposition)和介宾短语介词和冠词一样,称之为虚词,因为它独立不能够充当任何成分一般介词后面加名词或者动名词,统称为介宾短语。例:IamlivinginNewZealand.(in是介词,不能够独立存在,要加上NewZealand,inNewZealand整个称之为介宾短语)10数词numerals11副词adverb12冠词the,a,an一般和名词结合使用,冠词本身不充当成分例子:Iliveinasmallflat.(a是冠词,不能独立存在,要加上名词flat)13连词conjunction连词有两种,从属连词和并列连词并列连词and,or,but从属连词while,although,because,if,when,before,after从属连词一定要连接独立的句子While,because,although等在没有连词的情况下,不能句子里有两个动词Thelackofmoneyleadstopeopledonotreceiveeducation错误的原因:leadto和donotreceive都是动词正确的句子:peopledonotreceiveeducationbecauseofthelackofmoney.1从属连词后面加从句,一定要有主句。2从属连词后面一定要加独立的句子,不能少成分。1.2非谓语动词(不定式和动名词)很多同学有时候看到不定式和动名词很长,不知道怎么运用。去掉主语,谓语动词改成todo或者是doing,后面保持不变,然后整个当作一个名词看。譬如说:Istudiedscienceatuniversity.那么studyingscienceatuniversity整个可以看作是一个动名词Studyingscienceatuniversitywasagreatexperience.(充当主语)那么tostudyscienceatuniversity不定式也可以看作是一个名词Itismydecisiontostudyscienceatuniversity(充当主语)用动名词和不定式做主语有什么区别吗动名词一般强调一个事情,这个事情可能目前正在进行,或者是客观存在而不定式是表示一个还没发生的事情。Studyingscienceatuniversitywasagreatexperience.(已经发生)Itismydecisiontostudyscienceatuniversity(还没发生)2.句子成分修饰的成分:状语、定语、同位语必备的成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语状语:修饰动词或者句子的东西定语:修饰名词的东西,起限定的作用补语:补充说明一个名词的语法成分同位语:解释或者说明前面一个名词的东西(可能是名词、代词、同位语从句)Obama,presidentoftheUnitedStates,visitedChinalastmonth.President是同位语Shelikeseatingfastfoodsuchasfriesandhamburgers.Friesandhamburgers是同位语主语