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TheSilentWayWhatistheSilentWay?ItisthenameofalanguageteachingmethoddevisedbyDr.CalebGattegno.BackgroundAmericaneducator,CalebGattegnocreatedinthe70s,1983.Basicprinciple:Teachingshouldbesubordinatedtolearning.Teachingistoservelearningprocessratherthantodominateit.Learnersareactivelysearchingforrulesofthetargetlanguageregardingtothelearnerinthecognitiveapproach.Errorssignsthatstudentswereactivelytestingtheirhypotheses.NoEnglishteachingmethodsaredirectlyfromcognitiveapproach,butanumberofinnovativemethodsemerged.Thesilentwayisoneofthem.BackgroundDuringtheprocessofteaching,theteacherhastobesilentasmuchastheycould,butthelearnerhastobeencouragedtoproduceasmuchlanguageaspossible.TheapproachiscalledtheSilentWaybecausetheteacherremainsmainlysilent,togivestudentsthespacetheyneedtolearntotalk.Inthisapproach,itisassumedthatthestudents'previousexperienceoflearningfromtheirmothertonguewillcontributetolearningthenewforeignlanguage.Theacquisitionofthemothertonguebringsawarenessofwhatlanguageisandthisisretainedinsecondlanguagelearning.Theawarenessofwhatlanguageisincludestheuseofnon-verbalcomponentsoflanguagesuchasintonation,melody,breathing,inflection,theconventionofwriting,andthecombinationsoflettersfordifferentsounds.Rods,pictures,objectsorsituationsareaidsusedforlinkingsoundsandmeaningsintheSilentWay.ThecoloredCuisenairerods奎西奈彩色棒onepointerTheteacherusescharts,gestures,andmanipulativestoelicitandshapestudentresponsesandsomustbebothfacileandcreativeasapantomimistandpuppeteer.Withintheatmosphereofsilence,learnerswouldconcentrateonthetasktobeaccomplishedandthepotentialmeanstoitsaccomplishment.Learnersgoontocreatetheirownutterancesbyputtingtogetheralltheinformationtheyhave.Learnersonlyhavethemselvesandthegrouptorelyon,andtheyneedtoworkcooperativelyratherthancompetitively.Thoughteachersmodelingisminimal,learnersareexpectedtodevelopindependence,autonomy,andresponsibility.Theabsenceofcorrectionandrepeatedmodelingfromteachersrequirestudentstodevelop“innercriteria”andtocorrectthemselvesandtheirpeers.Goals:A.Studentsshouldbeabletousethelanguageforself-expression.B.Studentsneedtodeveloptheirowninnercriteriaforcorrectnessbyeachotherorthemselveswithoutthedependenceoftheteacher.TechniquesandPrinciples:teachingshouldbesubordinatedtolearningStudent-teacherinteraction:‘Theteacherworkswiththestudent;thestudentworksonthelanguage.’——GattegnoTechniquesandPrinciples:1.Teacher’sroles:A.Startwithsomethingthestudentshavealreadyknownandbuildfromthattotheunknown.B.Asatechnicianorengineer:Theteacherisasilenthelperwhoonlygiveswhathelpisnecessary.C.Respecttheautonomyofthelearnersintheirattemptsatrelatingandinteractingwiththenewchallenges.TechniquesandPrinciples:2.Student’sroles:A.MakeuseofwhattheyknowB.FreethemselvesofanyobstaclesthatwouldinterferewithgivingtheirutmostattentiontothelearningtaskC.Activelyengageinexploringthelanguage.TechniquesandPrinciples:3.PeercorrectionStudentsareencouragedtohelpanotherstudentwhenheorsheisexperiencingdifficulty.TechniquesandPrinciples:4.Self-correctiongesturesTheteacherwillusesomegesturestodirectthestudents.TechniquesandPrinciples:5.StructuredfeedbackA.Studentslearntotakeresponsibilityfortheirownlearningbybecomingawareofandecontrollinghowtheyusecertainlearningstrategiesinclass.B.Theteacheracceptsthestudents’commentsinanondefensivemanner.C.Thiswillgivehimdirectionforwheretoworkonnext.SomeusesofcoloredrodsThisisachartcontainingacertainnumberofdifferentcolouredrectangles;eachcolourcorrespondstoasoundinthelanguage.TheFidelisasetofchartspresentingallthepossiblespellingsofeachsoundofthelanguage.Oneofthe12wordchartsonwhichthefunctionalwordsofthelanguageareprintedincolor.Culture:Cultureisaninseparablepartoflanguage.Languagereflectsculture.Everydaylife,art,literature.etc.shouldbelearnt.Culture:Stop!PleaserepeatonewordperfingerOpenwider,please!ComparisonwiththetraditionalteachingmethodsTraditionalteachingmethodsstronglyfocusonrepetitionofsentencesmodeledbytheteacher,andaprocessthroughguidedelicitationexercisestofreercommunication.IntheSilentWay,theindirectroletheteacherisrequiredtoassumeindirectingandmonitoringlearnerperformance,theresponsibilityplacedonlearnerstofigureoutandtesttheirhypothesesabouthowthelanguageswork.ComparisonwiththetraditionalteachingmethodsNext…Thesilentway•Advantages•Disadvantages•ConclusionAdvantages•√Thismethodfosterscooperativelearningbetweenindividuals.•√Itembodiesanewapproachtoeducationingeneral,arespectfortheindividualandanawarenessoftheindividual’sextraordinarycognitivepowers.Advantages•√Ifitissucceededtoteachthelanguagebyusingtherodswithoutrepeatingtoomuch,itwillreallysavetimeandenergyforbothteachersstudents.TheadvocatesoftheSilentWayclaimthattheshort-termmemoryisusedartificiallybutwell.Theself-esteemofthestudentswillbeincreasedandthiswillenhancelearning.Bythiswaystudentswillsay‘IlearnedinsteadofIwastaughtwell.Disadvantages•√ItwouldseemnecessaryforateachertogainagooddealoftrainingandskillinordertoapplytheSilentWaytotheteachingofatotalgrammarinallitscomplexity,ifsuchabroadapplicationis,infact,poss