英语教学法-沉默法The-Silent-Way

TheSilentWayBackgroundDevisedbyCalebGattegnowhoiswellknownforcuisenairerodsandtheWoodsinColor.theSWbasedonpremise:teachershouldbesilentasmuchaspossible;learnershouldbeencouragedtoproducelanguageasmuchaspossible.LearningHypotheses1.Learningisfacilitatedifthelearnerdiscoversorcreatesratherthanremembersandrepeatswhatistobelearned.Morecooperativeposition:studentsaretakingpartintheformulationandattimesmayplaytheprincipalrole.Benefitsofdiscoverylearninga.theincreaseinintellectualpotency.b.theshiftfromextrinsictointrinsicrewards.c.thelearningofheuristicsbydiscovering.d.theaidtoconservingmemoryLearningHypotheses2.Learningisfacilitatedbyaccompanyingphysicalobjects.e.g.therodsthecolor-codedpronunciationchartersLearningHypotheses3.Learningisfacilitatedbyproblemsolvinginvolvingthematerialtobelearned.Promotegreaterlearningandrecallinvolvesgreatestamountofproblem-solvingactivity.TheoryoflanguageStructuralapproach.Gattegno:the“spirit”oflanguage,whichiscomposedofphonologicalandsuprasegmentalelementsthatcombinetogivethelanguageitsuniquesoundandmelody.TheoryoflanguageLanguageisseenasgroupsofsoundsarbitrarilyassociatedwithspecificmeanings.Languageisseparatedfromitssocialcontextandtaughtthroughartificialsituations.Focusonpositionalmeaning,ratherthancommunicativevalue.Vocabularyasacentraldimensionoflanguagelearning.TheoryofLearningGattegnorepeatemphasisontheprimacyoflearningoverteachingplacesafocusontheselfofthelearner,onthelearner’sprioritiesandcommitments.Theself:learningsystem&retainingsystem.Theoryoflearninglearningsystem:thelearnermustconstantlytesthispowertoabstract,analyze,synthesizeandintegrate.Retainingsystem:Torememberandrecallatwilllinguisticelementsandtheirorganizingprinciplesandmakelinguisticcommunicatepossible.TheoryofLearningLearnersacquire“innercriteria”,whichallowlearnersmonitorandself-correcttheirownproduction.ObjectivesBeginninglevelstudents.Oralandauralfacility.Providethelearnerwithabasicpracticalknowledgeofthegrammaroflanguage.Generalgoal:near-nativefluencyinthetargetlanguage,andcorrectpronunciationandmasteryoftheprosodicelementsofthetargetlanguageareemphasized.ThesyllabusStructuralsyllabus---grammaticalitemsandrelatedvocabulary.Gattegno:thereisnogeneralSilentWaysyllabus.PeaceCrops:initialstructureintroducedTeacherrolestoteach,totest,togetoutofway.Teachersilence---usingnonverbalcluestogetacrossmeanings.Creatinganenvironmentthatencouragesstudentrisktakingandthatfacilitateslearning.Usinggestures,charts,andmanipulativestoshapestudentresponsesandsomustbebothfacileandcreative.LearnerrolesLernerexpectedtodevelopindependence,autonomy,andresponsibility.Makeuseofwhattheyknow.Freethemselvesofanyobstaclesthatwouldinterferewithgivingtheirutmostattentiontothelearningtask.Engageinexploringthelanguage.Workcooperatively.InstructionalmaterialsConsistofasetofcoloredrods,color-codedpronunciationandvocabularywallcharts,pointer,andreading/writingexercises.allofthoseareusedtoillustratetherelationshipsbetweensoundandmeaninginthetargetlanguage.Therodsareusedinawidevarietyofsituationsintheclassroom.Atthebeginningstagestheycanbeusedtopracticecolorsandnumber,andlatertheycanbeuseinmorecomplexgrammar.Forexample,toteachprepositiontheteacherusethestatement“thebluerodisbetweenthegreenoneandtheyellowone”.Theycanalsobeusedmoreabstractly,perhapstorepresentaclockorthefloorplanofthehouse.Thesound-colorchartconsistsofrectanglesofcolor,withonecolorrepresentingonesoundinthelanguagebeinglearned.Theteacherusesthischarttohelpteachpronunciation;aswellaspointingtocolorstorefertodifferentsounds,shecanalsotapparticularcolorsveryhardtohelpstudentslearnwordstress.Laterinthelearningprocess,studentswillpointtothechartthemselvestochecktheirownprogress.Thechartmakesstudentsawareofthenumberofthesoundsinthelanguagebeinglearntandhowmanyarenewtothem.StudentspracticethesesoundswithoutrelyingonmechanicalrepetitionThewordchartscontainthefunctionalvocabularyofthetargetlanguage,andusethesamecolorschemeasthesound-colorchart.Eachletteriscoloredinawaythatindicatesitspronunciation.Thewordchartallowteachertocreatesentencesillustratinggrammaticalpointswhileremainingsilent.InGattegno’soriginaldesign,thereweretwelvewordschartsinEnglish,containingatotalofaroundfivehundredwords.AdvantagesLearner-oriented,payingmoreattentiononlearningratherthanteaching.Thismethodfosterscooperativelearningbetweenindividuals.Respectfortheindividualandanawarenessoftheindividual’sextraordinarycognitivepowers.Makeuseoftheinstructionalmaterialswithoutrepeatingtoomuch.DisadvantagesItwouldbenecessaryforateachertogainmanytrainingskills,andteacherisexpectedtoenrichthematerialsonhis/herown.theinstructionalroleofteacherisneglected.Languageisseparatedfromitssocialcontextandtaughtthroughartificialsituationsusuallybyrods.Itwouldwastealotoftime.