naturalism美国文学自然主义

AmericanRealismandNaturalism（II）AManSaidtotheUniverseAmansaidtotheuniverse:SirIexist!“However,repliedtheuniverse,ThefacthasnotcreatedinmeAsenseofobligation.--StephenCraneCold,indifferent,andessentiallyGodlessworldI.AmericanNaturalism—pessimisticrealism/determinism1.Background1)Theemergenceof“ModernAmerica”Industrialismandscienceandthenewphilosophyoflife——createtheeconomic,social,andculturaltransformationsofthecountry2)Newideasaboutmanandman’splaceintheuniversebegantotakerootinAmerica.Darwin:evolution;Spencer:socialevolutionThesurvivalofthefittest&thehumanbeast3)thechangeoftheliteraryclimateRealists:toooldFrenchnaturalism2.Representatives:StephenCrane,NorrisandTheodoreDreiserDefinitionNaturalismistheattempttoachievefidelitytonaturebyrejectingidealizedportrayalsoflife.Inliteraturenaturalismmaybefurtherdefinedasatechniqueofpresentinganobjectiveviewofmanoramodewithcompleteaccuracyandfrankness.Naturalisticwritersholdthatman’sexistenceisshapedbyheredityandenvironment,overwhichhehasnocontrol.Novelsandplaysinthismovement,emphasizingtheanimalnatureofman,portraycharactersengrossedinabrutalstruggleforsurvival.EmileZola,founderoftheFrenchschoolofnaturalism,heldthatanovelistshoulddissectandanalyzehissubjectswithdispassionateandscientificaccuracy.RepresentativewritersofnaturalismareTheodoreDreiser,ErnestHemingway,EugeneO’Neill,andWilliamFaulkner.II.StephenCrane斯蒂芬·克兰(1871-1900)MajorWorks1893:Maggie:AGirloftheStreets街头女郎玛琪—firstA.naturalisticwork1895:TheRedBadgeofCourage红色英勇勋章(warnovel)&TheBlackRiders黑衣骑士(bookofpoems)1898:TheOpenBoatandOtherStories海上扁舟AprecursorofImagistpoetryIII.FrankNorris弗兰克·诺里斯(1870-1902)MajorWorksMcTeague麦克提格（1899）—themanifestoofA.naturalismAtrilogyontheproduction,distribution,andconsumptionofwheat:TheOctopus章鱼(1901）ThePit粮食交易所（1903）TheResponsibilitiesoftheNovelist小说家的责任TheodoreDreiser西奥多·德莱塞(1871-1945)TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)BorninIndiana,poor.Firstnovel—SisterCarrie(1900)—wasrejectedforitsrelentlesshonestyinpresentingthetruenatureofAmericanlife.ItisinDreiser’sworksthatAmericannaturalismissaidtohavecomeofage.Left-oriented--visitedRussiaandwroteDreiserLooksatRussia(1928)andTragicAmerica(1931)—joinedtheCommunistParty.Acontroversialfigure—powerfulinportrayalofthechangingAmericanlife,buthisstyleisconsideredcrude.Ledtherebellionofthe1920s,andtherevivalofnaturalisminthe1930senthronedDreiserastheguideandpioneerforthelatter-daynaturalistsMajorworksSisterCarrie嘉莉妹妹(1900)JennieGerhardt珍妮姑娘(1911)TheFinancier金融家(1912)TheTitan巨头(1914)TheStoic斯多葛(1947)Cowperwoodtrilogy，alsocalled“TrilogyofDesire”欲望三部曲):（aboutthelifeofCowperwoodasabusinessman）TheGenius天才(1915)AnAmericanTragedy美国的悲剧(1925)TheBulwark堡垒(1946)V.OtherAuthorsofthePeriod1.EdwinArlingtonRobinson埃德温·阿灵顿·罗宾逊(1860–1935)2.JackLondon(1876–1916)3.O.Henry(1862–1910)GenreAmericanAuthorPerceivedtheindividualas...RomanticsRalphWaldoEmersonagodRealistsHenryJamesWilliamDeanHowellssimplyapersonMarkTwainNaturalistsStephenCrane/FrankNorrisahelplessobjectTheodoreDreiser