Gender-equality-and-development新

GenderequalityanddevelopmentBy姚稳张云华涂利芬Wewilltalkfrom……•Genderroles•GenderandAdaptationtoClimateChange•Genderinequality•Genderequality—Policyframework•PromotingGenderEqualitythroughtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals•WhathasAustraliadonetoadvancegenderequalityGenderroles•Whenmentionedgenderroles,whatareyourstereotypes?•Doyouthinklikethis?Genderroles•InChinesetradition,menandwomen,properly,diddifferentthings:“mantills,womanweaves.”Women'sspherewas“inside,”andmen's“outside,”yeteachwasseenascriticaltothemaintenanceofthehouseholdeconomy.InaChinesefamily,men'sroleisdefinedasbreadwinnerandwomen'sishousekeeper.Genderroles•Itisbelievedthatuponthesocialandeconomicdevelopment,theincreaseofwomen'sentryintolaborforcecausesrolechangebetweenwomenandmenfromprivatespheretopublicsphere.However,men'srolechangedoesnotusuallykeeppacewithwomen'sroleshift.Assuch,underthedominantlypatriarchaldefinitionofgenderroles,whichhasbeenlastforseveralcenturies,mentendtoholdlessegalitarianattitudesthanwomendo.Ontheotherhand,frompersonalinterestperspective,womentendtosupportegalitariangenderroles.Genderroles•Fourpopularstatementsabouttheplaceofthewomenandmeninthesocietyandinthefamily,aswellasgenderdivisionoffamilylaborareasfollows:1.Husbandsshouldworkoutside,whilewivesshouldstayathome2.Womenareborntobebetterthanmentotakecareofthefamily3.Husbandsshouldsharepartofhousework,ifwivesworkoutside4.Husband'sachievementincareeriswife'sachievementGenderroles•Researchshowsthatwomenandmenwhohaveseniorhighandcollegeeducationaremorelikelythanloweducatedcounterpartstobeliberalintheattitudestowardthegeneralconceptualizationofgenderdivisioninthesocietyandbetweenfamilies.•Andtheirurbanexperienceisalsotheimportantfactorinfluencingtheirattitudestowardwomen'sfamilyroles.Menwhosefathershaveprofessionaljobsaremorelikelythantheircounterpartstobeliberalingenderroleattitudes.Thestrongestpredictorisspouse'semployment.Thosewithwiveshavingjobstendtohaveegalitarianattitudes.Genderroles•However,themodernscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionnotonlybrokethetraditionalideaofgenderroles,butalsochangedthedefinitionsofmasculinityandfemininity.Withtheincreasingpopularityofscienceanddemocraticawarenessamongpeople,womenacquiredthedesiretoobtainknowledge,graduallywontherightofbeingeducatedbystruggling,andbrokethroughtheoutwornideathatawomanwithvirtueisonewithoutabilities.Theybegantogooutoffamilyandintothesocietytopursuetheircareers,whichchangedthesituationofmenundertakingallsocialwork,andgraduallygainedequalrightsasmeninpoliticsandeconomy.Genderroles•Thetraditionalbalancebetweengenderswhichhadlastedforthousandsofyearshasbeenbroken.Thetraditionalgenderrelationshiphasalsobeenshakenradically.Furthermore,inthenewsocialstructure,thecontrastbetweentherolesofgendershasshownstratificationanddifferentiation.Themodernscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionbrokethelimitationofdependantharmony,andbroughtgenderrelationshipintoanewstageofindependentharmony.Astimeschanged,thefiercemodernscientificandtechnologicalrevolutioncausedanamazingtransformationinthewayofproduction,oflife,ofcommunication,andofwayofthinkinginmenandwomen,bymoremeansthen,Genderroles•forexample,revolutioninthekitchenaswellasthoseininformationtechnologyandreproductivetechnologies,thusfurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofdepthofindependentharmonybetweengenders.Humansocietyisboundtogetpassthekingdomofnecessityandreachthekingdomoffreedom.Inthefuturehumansociety,thescientificandtechnologicalrevolutionwillpromotetheoveralldevelopmentofmenandwomen,andpavethepathforfreedomharmonyingenderrelationship.Ultimately,humansocietywillinevitablyachievefreedomharmonybetweengenders.GenderandAdaptationtoClimateChange•Theeffectsofglobalclimatechangeincludeextremeweathereventssuchasincreasedintensityofcyclones,droughtsandflooding.Althoughitmayseemeverybodywouldbeequallyexposedtothesehazards,thisisnotso.IntheIndianOceanTsunami,threewomentoeveryonemandiedbecausewomencouldnotescapethewaves,eitherbecausetheywereencumberedbytheirlongskirts,weretryingtoholdontochildren,orsimplydidn'tknowhowtoswimorclimbtrees.Womenhavelessaccesstoresources,economicadvantage,socialrightsandenvironmentaljustice,allofwhichmakesthemmorevulnerabletoclimateanddisasterrisk.GenderandAdaptationtoClimateChange•ArecentmeetingofthePacificforumfocusedontopicssuchasdisasterriskmanagementandadaptationtoclimatechange,withparticularreferencetounderstandingthegenderimplications.InthePacificgenderrolesandknowledgearestrictlydefinedandsegregated.Yetwomen'sknowledgeandsocialpracticescouldbeusedtoadvantagetobuildcommunityresilience.•DuringadroughtinthesmallislandsoftheFederatedStatesofMicronesia,localwomen,knowledgeableaboutislandhydrology,foundpotablewaterbydigginganewwellthatreachedthefreshwaterlens.PacificislandmenknowmoreGenderandAdaptationtoClimateChange•aboutfishingindeepoceanwaterswhereaswomen,becausetheyoftencollectshellfishclosetothewatersedge,knowtheshoreline.Women'sobservationscouldaddsignificantvaluetoprogramsdesignedtoprotectagainstcoastalerosion.Divisionsoflaborbetweenmenandwomendenotedifferentexp