美国文学课件-7

AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008AmericanLiterature:Lecture7REALISM(1865-1914)退出美国文学ObjectivesToenabletheSstoknowwhatLocalColorismisandwhotheleadersofLocalColorismare;ToenabletheSstoknowwhatNaturalismisandwhotheleadersofNaturalismareToenabletheSstocomprehendthemajorwritingtechniquesofJackLondon美国文学TeachingMaterialsMarkTwainTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnJackLondon(1876-1916)LoveofLife美国文学TeachingMethodologyLecturingText-analysis美国文学Realism---asaliterarytermAtermappliedtoliterarycompositionthataimsataninterpretationoftheactualitiesofanyaspectoflife,freefromsubjectiveprejudice,idealism,orromanticcolor.Asawayofwriting,realismhasbeenappliedinalmosteveryliteraturethroughouthistory.Asanattitudeofthewritertowardhismaterials,itisrelative,andnochronologicalpointmaybeindicatedasthebeginningofrealism.美国文学I.Introduction1.ThereasonsforthecomingofAmericanrealism:1)TheCivilWarwhichbrokeoutin1861taughtmenthatlifewasnotsogood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.Thewarmarkedachange,inthequalityofAmericanlife,adeterioration,infact,ofAmericanmoralvalues.Itledpeopletoquestiontheassumptions:naturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.1)Inpost-bellumAmericaincreasingindustrializationandmechanizationofthecountryinfullswingproducedsoonextremesofwealthandpoverty.Wealthandpowerweremoreandmoreconcentratedinthehandsofthefew“captainsofindustry”or“robberbarons”,butlifeforthemillionswasfastbecomingaveritablestruggleforsurvival.退出3)Thefrontierwasabouttocloseandthesafetyvalvewasceasingtooperate,areexaminationoflifebegan.Beneaththeglitteringsurfaceofprospectivetherelaysufferingandunhappiness,Disillusionmentandfrustrationwerewidelyfelt.3)TheageofRomanticismandTranscendentalismwasbyandlargeover.Meanwhileyoungerwritersappearedonthescene,suchasWilliamDeanHowells,HenryJames,MarkTwain,andsoon,whichmeansthecomingofnewliteraryage,Americanrealism.退出美国文学MajorFeaturesRealismisthetheoryofwritinginwhichfamiliaraspectsofcontemporarylifeandeverydayscenesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanner.Itinsistsonprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonesty,andademocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.美国文学Openendingisalsoagoodexampleofthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.Realismfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeoplewhoarecustomarilyignoredbythearts.Realismemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Realismpresentsmoralvisions.美国文学2.TheCoreofAmericanrealism?1)Asaliterarymovementrealismcameinthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcenturyasareactionagainst“thelie”ofromanticismandsentimentalism.Itexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,andforthefamiliarandthelow.2)TheAmericanrealistsadvocated“verisimilitudeofdetailderivedfromobservation,”theefforttoapproachthenormofexperience——arelianceontherepresentativeinplot,setting,andcharacter,andtoofferanobjectiveratherthananidealizedviewofhumannatureandexperience.退出美国文学3.TheschoolsofAmericanRealism:1)FrontierHumor2)Midwesternrealism(Howells)3)CosmopolitanNovelist(HenryJames)4)Regionalism(LocalColor)5)Naturalism6)TheChicagoSchoolofpoets7)TheriseofblackAmericanliterature退出美国文学LocalColorTermappliedtoliteraturewhichemphasizesitssetting,beingconcernedwiththecharacterofadistrictorofanera,asmarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,costumes,landscapeorotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluences.ThelocalcolormovementcameintoparticularprominenceinAmaftertheCivilWar,perhapsasanattempttorecapturetheglamourofapastera,ortoportraythesectionsofthereunitedcountry.Inlocal美国文学colorliterature,onefindsthedualinfluenceofromanticismandrealismsincetheauthorfrequentlylooksawayfromordinarylifetodistantlands,strangecustoms,orexoticscenes,butretainsthroughminutedetailasenseoffidelityandaccuracyofdescription.美国文学MarkTwain(1835-1910)美国文学LifeClemenswasbornonNovember30,1835inFlorida,Missouri,ofaVirginianfamily.HewasbroughtupinHannibal,Missouri.Afterhisfather'sdeathin1847,hewasapprenticedtoaprinterandwroteforhisbrother'snewspaper.HelaterworkedasalicensedMississippiriver-boatpilot.TheCivilWarputanendtothesteamboattrafficandClemensmovedtoVirginiaCity,whereheeditedtheTerritorialEnterprise.OnFebruary3,1863,'MarkTwain'wasbornwhenClemenssignedahumoroustravelaccountwiththatpseudonym,whichisanauticaltermusedbysailorstodenoteaparticulardepthoftheriver.美国文学In1864TwainleftforCalifornia,andworkedinSanFranciscoasareporter.HevisitedHawaiiasacorrespondentforTheSacramentoUnion,publishinglettersonhistripandgivinglectures.Hesetoutonaworldtour,travelinginFranceandItaly.Hisexperienceswererecordedin1869inTheInnocentsAbroad,whichgainedhimwidepopularity,andpokedfunatbothAmericanandEuropeanprejudicesandmanners.ThesuccessasawritergaveTwainenoughfinancialsecuritytomarryOliviaLangdonin1870.TheymovednextyeartoHartford.TwaincontinuedtolectureintheUnitedStatesandEngland.Between1876and1884hepublishedseveralmasterpieces,TomSawyer(1881)andThePrinceAndThePauper(1881).LifeOnTheMississippiappearedin1883andHuckleberryFinnin1884.美国文学Inthe1890sTwainlostmostofhisearningsinfinancialspeculationsandin