国际商法概念

国际商法概念Internationalbusinesslawisthebodyofrulesandnormsthatregulatesbusinessactivitiescarriedoutsidethelegalboundariesofstates.Inparticular,itregulatesthebusinesstransactionsofprivatepersonsinternationally,andtherelationshipofinternationalcommercialorganizations.国际商法是调整跨国商事活动的法律规范的总称。它调整的是国际私人商事交易关系和国际商事组织间的关系.Chapterone第一章IntroductiontoInternationalBusinessLaw(国际商法总论)IIISourcesofinternationalbusinesslaw国际商业法的渊源A.Nationallaw国内法Themostimportantsource.TakeChinaasanexample:TheContractLawTrademarkLaw商标法Chinese-ForeignjointVenture(Cooperative)Law,中外合资企业(合作)法律TheCivilProcedureLaw民事诉讼法ArbitrationLaw仲裁法律B.Internationaltreatiesandconventions国际条约和惯例Differencesbetweentreatiesandconvention:Themostimportantinternationalconventions:TheUnitednationsConventiononContractfortheInternationalSalesofGoods（CISG，联合国国际货物销售合同公约）ConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawRelatingtoBillsofLading(theHaguerules，海牙规则)TheParisConventionfortheProtectionofIndustrialProperty(ParisConvention，巴黎公约)UnderstandingontheRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes(DSU，争端解决规则与程序谅解）C.Internationalmodellaw国际通则Definition定义:rulesandnormsworkedoutandpassedbysomeinternationalorganizationsforthefreechoicebynations.Influence:1.modelfornationalandinternationallegislature;国家与国际立法机构模型2.ameansofinterpretingandsupplementingexistinguniformlaw;3.rulesgoverningthecontract(situations?);4.asubstituteforthedomesticlawD.Internationaltradecustomsandusages国际贸易惯例Definition(定义):thegeneralrulesandpracticesininternationaltradeactivitiesthathavebecomegenerallyadoptedthroughunvaryinghabitandcommonuse.(usedtobeoralbutlatercompiledintowrittenrules)Influence:notlaw,butplaysanimportantrole.1.asbindingrulesbyagreeduponbythepartiestothecontract.2.asinterpretingorfillingthegapsinthecontract.(onlyforusagesthepartiesagreedtobeboundorthatderivefromtheirpastdealings,ortheusagesthepartykneworoughttohaveknownandthatareregularlyobservedintheindustryortradeinvolved.ChapterTwo第二章FormsofinternationalBusiness国际商事方式ISomeInternationalTradeTheoriesB.AbsoluteAdvantage绝对优势AdamSmith亚当.斯密绝对优势理论（TheoryofAbsoluteAdvantage），又称绝对成本说（TheoryofAbsoluteCost）、地域分工说（TheoryofTerritorialDivisionofLabor）。是指某两个国家之间生产某种产品的成本的绝对差异，即一个国家所耗费的成本绝对低于另一个国家。C.ComparativeAdvantage相对优势countrieswillspecializeinproducingseveralproductsandservicesinwhichtheyhaveloweropportunitycoststhantheirtradingpartners.DavidRicardo提出的贸易理论，该理论认为，国际贸易的基础是生产技术的相对差别（而非绝对差别），以及由此产生的相对成本的差别。每个国家都应根据“两利相权取其重，两弊相权取其轻”的原则，集中生产并出口其具有“比较优势”的产品，进口其具有“比较劣势”的产品。D.opportunityCost机会成本opportunitycostmeansthevalueofthebenefitthatisgivenuptoproduceoneeconomicgoodasopposedtoanother.Economistsmeasurethe“real”costofdoingbusinessbyitsopportunitycost,notbyitsdirectcost.机会成本：也叫“择一成本”或“择机代价”，是指利用某种资源生产某种商品时所放弃的可以利用同一资源生产的其他商品的价值。IIIGovernmentControlsoverTrade国家对国际贸易的管理A.Tariffs关税：进出口商品在经过一国关境时，由政府设置的海关向进出口国所征收的税收1.definition:tariffsaretaxesimposedonimportsorexportswhencrossingthecustomseitherbyvalueorperunitofquantity.a)advaloremduty从价税：按照进口商品的价格为标准计征的关税。其税率表现为货物价格的百分率b)specificduty从量税：按照商品的重量、数量、容量、长度和面积等计量单位为标准计征的税收B.NontariffBarrierstoTrade非关税壁垒1.definition:allbarrierstoimportandexportotherthantariffs.Evengreaterandmoreinsidiousbarrierthantariff.2.significance:toprotectnationaleconomy,socialandpoliticalinterest.3.Types:technicalbarriers,environmentbarriers.oftendisguisedintheformofgovernmentrulesorregulations.Chapterthree第三章LegalSystemofInternationalBusiness国际商事法律体系2.ApplicabilityoftheCISGA)Applicability适用范围a）forcommercialsalesofgoodsnotforconsumersales用于商业销售不是消费者销售b)betweenpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentcountries(natioanalitynotconsidered)当事人营业地在不同的国家C)营业地所在的国家是公约的缔约国B)Salesandissueexcluded排除适用的销售a)consumergoodssoldforpersonal,familyorhouseholduse.供个人、家庭或家庭使用的货物的销售b)goodsboughtatauction拍卖的销售c)stocks,securities,negotiableinstruments,ormoney有价证券（股票、证券、票据、或货币）的销售d)ships,vessels,oraircraft船舶、气垫船、或飞机的销售e)Electricity电力的销售f)assemblycontracts装配合同g)contractsthatareinpreponderantpartforthesupplyoflabororotherservices劳动力的供给或其他服务h)liabilityofthesellerfordeathorpersonalinjurycausedbythegoods卖方责任引起的死亡或个人损害的商品i)partiesagreetoexcludetheConventionortheychooseotherlaw.C.Issuesnotcovered没有涉及的问题a)thelegalityofthecontract(合同的效力）b)thecompetencyoftheparties（当事人的行为能力）c)therightsofthirdparties（第三方的权利）IIUNIDROITPICCUNIDROIT:theInternationalInstitutefortheUnificationofPrivateLaw.国际统一私法协会PICC:PrinciplesofInternationalCommercialContracts.国际商事合同通则Themostimportantmodellawsofinternationalcommerce.1.ScopeofApplication适用范围Thepreamblestates:“setforthgeneralrulesforinternationalcommercialcontract.”为国际商法确立一般规则International:involvingmorethanonestatesorregions.Commercialcontracts:(beunderstoodinthebroadestpossibleway)includenotonlytradetransactionsforthesupplyorexchangeofgoodsorserves,butalsoothertypesofeconomictransactions,suchasinvestmentand/orconcessionagreements,contractsforprofessionalservices.2.GeneralPrinciples基本原则A)FreedomofContract合同自由Art.1(1)reads:“thepartiesarefreetoenteracontractandtodetermineitscontents.”当事人有权自由订立合同并确定合同的内容a)thepossibilityofconcludingcontractswithanyo