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衡水学院毕业论文（设计）文献综述题目:TheAnalysisofSimilaritiesandDifferencesonApplicationofRefusalStrategyinEnglishandChinese学生姓名:张晓婷系别:外国语言文学系专业:英语语言文学年级:2010级学号:201020303235指导教师:杨义衡水学院教务处印制第1页毕业论文（设计）文献综述论文（设计）题目TheAnalysisofSimilaritiesandDifferencesonApplicationofRefusalStrategyinEnglishandChinese指导教师杨义研究方向商务英语参考文献情况国内11篇，国外4篇，共计15篇收集参考文献时间2011年9月19日至2011年11月28日一、文献综述ThestudyontherefusalwordsinChineseandEnglishhasalonghistory.Thissubjectisveryimportantbecauserefusalisoneofmainspeechactincross-culturalcommunication.Ithasbeenamajorareaofconcernofmostphilologistsandresearchers.People’sdailylifeandworkisinseparablefromthecourtesy.Refusingisoneofthefrequentlyusedspeechactindailylife,italsoisaface-threateningacttothefacewantofarefusee.Incross-culturalinvestigationofvariousspeechacts,twoissueswhichhavebeengrantedparticularattentionare:thevalueandfunctionofrefusal,thechoiceofrefusalstrategyandpolitenessprinciple.Thelinguistsdidmanyresearchfromalllevelsandaspectsonspeechactofrefusal,butthecontrastandanalysisoftheirproductionsarescattered,whichmakeslanguagelearners’studymoretroubleanddifficult.Inrecentyears,manydomesticandforeignlinguistshavedonealotoffurtherresearchonspeechactofrefusal.AsstatedbyRubin,shelistednineform-functionrelationswhichstandsforindirectstrategiesofrefusingandofferedsomeconcreteexamplesforeachstrategy.Shealsoexploredthisspeechactwithheranotherfocusontheacquisitionofcommunicativecompetenceofappropriatelyproducingandunderstandingrefusalsencounteredbynonnativespeakersofacertainlanguage.Sheindicatedthattheacquisitionofcommunicativecompetencerequiresallofthefollowingthreelevelsofknowledge:form-functionrelationship,socialparametersofsayingno,andvalue.(Rubin15-16)Shecomparedtheform-functionrelationsacrossculturesintermsoftermsofsayingno,stressingthediscrepanciesbetweenthetwo,especiallyincross-culturalcommunicativesituations.ThediscussionofPolitenessPrinciple(PP)istostartwithCooperativePrinciple(CP)asLeechregardshisPPasasupplementtoCP.LeecharguesthatthereisaPPthatworksinconjunctionwiththeCP,andidentifiessixassociatedpolitenessmaxims:tactmaxim,generositymaxim,approbationmaxim,modestymaxim,agreementmaxim,andsympathymaxim.PPcanbeformulatedsimplyinageneralway:Minimizetheexpressionofimpolitebeliefs;maximizetheexpressionofpolitebeliefs(Leech81).TherelationshipbetweenCPandPPcanbeconclusivelystatedas:PPisanecessarycomplementtoCPandsavestheCPfromserioustrouble:thePPhasahigherregulativerolethanCPforthemaintenanceofsocialequilibriumandfriendlyrelations(Leech80).BrownandLevinson’sworkoncross-culturalpolitenessphenomenonillustratesapan-culturalapproachwithimportantapplicationstocross-culturalcommunication.TherearethreecentralnotionsinBrownandLevinson’swork:face,face-threateningact,andpolitenessstrategies.Theydefinefaceas“the第2页publicself-imagethateverymemberwantstoclaimforhimself”(Mao21).Theyconstruefaceasconsistingoftwospecifickinds,‘negativeface’and‘positiveface’.AccordingtoBrownandLevinson,theinterlocutorwillchooseamongtheabovestrategiesdependingonthefollowingsociologicalvariables:power,socialdistanceandrankingofimposition.TheassessmentoftheseriousnessofanFTAinvolvesthesethreefactorsinmanyandperhapsallcultures.ForaparticularFTA,theseriousnessofFTAiscompoundedofrisktobothspeaker’sface,proportionaltothenatureoftheFTA.Beebeandhercolleaguesstudiedrefusalsfromtheaspectsofsecondlanguageacquisitionandpragmaticdevelopment.TheyanalyzedJapaneseandAmericanrefusalsandtheirstrategiesthroughcomparingalargesampleofDCTsdonebyJapanesespeakingJapaneseinJapan,AmericansspeakingEnglishinAmericanandJapanesespeakingEnglishinAmerican.Theydescribedfourtypesofsituation(i.e.requests,invitations,offers,andsuggestions)inwhichrefusalswerecalledfor.Beebeetalalsodevelopedaclassificationofrefusals.Accordingtothem,refusalsareoftwokinds,directandindirect.ThecategoryofindirectrefusalshasthreemajorstrategieswhicharefoundtobeusedbynativeEnglishspeakerstobeginarefusal.AstudydonebyWanghasdividedthecenterspeechactsintothefollowingthreesubcategories:directrefusal,negatedabilityandwillingness,andindirectrefusals.Shefoundthatthereexistsalinearrelationshipbetweenthedegreesofdirectnessandpolitestrategy,thatistosaythemoreindirecttheutteranceisthemorepoliteitwillbe.InadditiontoBrown&Levinson’sthreesocialfactors,Wangalsodiscoveredanotherfactor,affect,andaffectsthecompleteofrefusals.MahasclassifiedthecommonrefusalstrategiesinChineseandAmericansaccordingtotheprimaryandsecondaryillocutionaryactsandthepolitenessprincipleofBrown&Levinson–avoidance,distractingtheattentionoftherequester,postponement,criticism,suggestion,fakeagreement,indication,ambiguousexpressions,joking,andobjectiveandsubjectivestrategies.WuexploredtheexpressionsofrefusalbydrawingonthetheoryofconversationalimplicationandincorporatingtheRussianlinguist’sfindingsintoclassifyingvariousexpressionsofrefusalsatthesententialandcontextuallevel,inanattempttorevealtheunderlyingformalityofrefusals.Thedomesticandforeignlinguistsdidmanyresearchfromalllevelsandaspectsonspeechactofrefusal,butthecontrastandanalysisoftheirproduct