2b语言学讲义第二章答案(1)

Chaptertwo1.Phonetics:Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Itcanbedividedintothreemainareasofstudy—articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandperceptual/auditoryphonetics.2.Phonology：Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimsto“discovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur”.3.speechorgans:thosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech,alsoknownas‘vocalorgans’.4.voicing:thevibrationofthevocalfolds.Whenthevocalfoldsareclosetogether,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobe‘voiced’.Whenthevocalfoldsareapartandtheaircanpassthrougheasily,thesoundproducedissaidtobe‘voiceless’.5.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet:asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphonetictheoryandpractice.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedin1993andupdatedin1996.6.consonant:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.7.vowel:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.8.mannerofarticulation:waysinwhicharticulationofconsonantscanbeaccomplished—(a)thearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;(b)theymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;or(c)theymaysimplymodifytheshapeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.9.placeofarticulation:thepointwhereanobstructiontotheflowofairismadeinproducingaconsonant.10.coarticulation:simultaneousoroverlappingarticulations,aswhenthenasalqualityofanasalsoundaffectstheprecedingorfollowingsoundsothatthelatterbecomesnasalized.Iftheaffectedsoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,itisknownas‘anticipatorycoarticulation（先期协同发音）’;ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itis‘perseverativecoarticution（后滞协同发音）’.11.phoneme:aunitofexplicitsoundcontrast.Iftwosoundsinalanguagemakeacontrastbetweentwodifferentwords,theyaresaidtobedifferentphonemes.12.allophone:variantsofthesamephoneme.Iftwoormorephoneticallydifferentsoundsdonotmakeacontrastinmeaning,theyaresaidtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme.Tobeallophones,theymustbeincomplementarydistributionandbearphoneticsimilarity.13.assimilation:aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound,atermoftenusedsynonymouslywith‘coarticulation’.Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,itiscalled‘regressiveassimilation（逆同化）’;theconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,isknownas‘progressiveassimilation（顺同化）’.14.distinctivefeatures:ameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds,firstsuggestedbyRomanJacobsoninthe1940sandthendevelopedbynumerousotherpeople.15.syllable:animportantunitinthestudyofsuprasegmentals.Asyllablemusthaveanucleusorpeak,whichisoftenthetaskofavowelorpossiblythatofasyllabicconsonant,andofteninvolvesanoptionalsetofconsonantsbeforeand/orafterthenucleus.I.GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish.1)[ð],2)[ʃ],3)[ŋ],4)[d],5)[p],6)[k],7)[l],8)[ɪ],9)[uː],10)[ɒ]1)voiceddentalfricative,2)voicelesspostalveolarfricative,3)velarnasal4)voicedalveolarstop/plosive5)voicelessbilabialstop/plosive6)voicelessvelarstop/plosive7)(alveolar)lateral8)highfrontunroundedlaxvowel9)highbackroundedtensevowel10)lowbackroundedlaxvowelII.GivetheIPAsymbolsforthesoundsthatcorrespondtothedescriptionsbelow.1)voicelesslabiodentalfricative;2)voicedpostalveolarfricative;3)palatalapproximant;4)voicelessglottalfricative;5)voicelessalveolarstop;6)high-midfrontunroundedvowel;7)highcentralroundedvowel;8)lowfrontroundedvowel;9)low-midbackroundedvowel;10)highbackroundedtensevowel.1)[f];2)[ʒ];3)[j];4)[h];5)[t];6)[e];7)[ʉ];8)[ɶ];9)[ɔ];10)[u].