(专升本)名词-冠词-代词

名词，冠词，代词读音规则---字母及字母组合的读音1.字母a重读开音节中[ei]takenamespadecapablewave例外：have重读闭音节中[æ]lamprathandcap2.字母组合ai，ay非重读音节中[i]mountainFridaybargain重读音节中[ei]waittrainplaytoday3.字母ear大多数情况[iə]dear,fear,gear[ə:]researchearlylearnheard[eə]wearbearpear[a:]heart4.字母ie在词中[i:]receivethiefbelieve例外：friend[e]重读音节词尾，die，tie，lie[ai]5.字母ea6.字母组合oo1）大多数情况[u:]foolpoolmoon2）字母d,k之前：[u]hoodhookwood例外：footfood3）少数情况[ʌ]floodblood7.字母组合gh1）[f]laughcoughenough2）在词尾多数情况不发音highweighthoughthrough8.字母th1）实词中，[θ]thin，think，month，thing2）虚词及部分代词，[ð]those，with，whether,therefore注意:weather，both9.ch[tʃ]checkchoosechurch[k]chemicalschoolstomach[ʃ]machine10.tion多数[ʃən]mentionprotectionnotion少数[tʃən]questionsuggestiondigestion名词的种类个体，集体名词可数名词物质，抽象名词不可数名词documentnewswindinformationgrouppeoplenewspaperpaperhealthyearquestionplanetimeworkjob名词的数两袋大米一则消息五个星期一个人两个房间一些问题两块蛋糕四瓶啤酒twobagsofriceapieceofnewsfiveweeksaperson/amantworoomssomequestionstwopiecesofcakefourbottlesofbeer数词+量词+of+不可数名词/可数名词复数名词不规则变化①mouse---mice②Japanese、Chinese复数不变③Frenchman、Englishman、Dutchman等的复数把a改为e④German、Russian、American、Indian、Italian、Korean等复数加s⑤复合名词：改变中心名词awomandriver---twowomendriversamandoctor---threemendoctors名词所有格1.有生命的名词‘s+名词Tom’splantheteacher’sroomMary’ssisterJack’snewcar2.所有格’s的特殊用法定冠词+职业，称谓，姓氏‘s=地点名词theGreen’sthebarber’sthedentist‘s3.时间，距离，国家，地区的名词也可用所有格of表示所属关系的介词名词+of+名词（无生命）会议的主题thetopicofthemeeting大楼的名字thenameofthebuilding双重所有格•双重所有格：of+名词所有格’s在表示所属物的名词前有冠词，数词，不定代词或指示代词，则用双重所有格来表示。杰克的三个朋友Jack’sthreefriends错误threefriendsofJack’s正确threeofJack’sfriends正确名词在句中的作用1.作主语：Thisnewmedicinecancurelungcancer.Thelawyeristalkingtohisclient.2.及物动词vt.或介词之后，充当宾语Ihaven’treceivedherletteryet.Themanageristalkingwiththenewstaff.3.表语（在系动词之后，如，be，become..）Heisanewcomer.Myeldersisterisacollegeteacher.主谓一致1)重量金钱时间距离的量词以复数形式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数：is,was,动词-s形式Tenyearsistoolongforme.400yuanistooexpensiveforthiscoat.2)就近原则：either…or/neither…nor/notonly…butalso,therebeNotonlyyoubutalsoIlikesports.NotonlyIbutalsoJack____sports.3)就远原则：with,togetherwith,aswellas,like…，1）Theteacher,togetherwithhisstudents,____goingtovisitthepark.(be)2）There_____threebooks,adictionaryandapenonthedesk.(be)注：Noneof/neitherof+主语+谓语动（第三人称单数is/does）•Noneofus____fromHubei.(come)•BothsheandI____goodatEnglish.(be)冠词the/a/an一：不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源，是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[ə]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。anhourauniversityapartyanimportantmeetinganinterestingstory1.an/a：泛指，一个…，一种…Sheisagoodsinger.Theyhadameetingjustnow二：定冠词the1.用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，或者用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物。e.g.:请把门打开。Openthedoor,please.2.用在序数词和形容词最高级前e.g.:Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.一月份是一年当中的第一个月。3.表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物。theskytheworld4.the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物5.表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加theplaythepiano/guitar/violin6.由普通名词构成的专有名词前（海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词）。theGreatWall长城theUnitedStates美国theWestLake西湖ChinaAmerica7.和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物thepoor穷人therich富人theblack黑人theold老人theyoung年轻人三：零冠词1.复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如e.g.:Heisfondofreadingnovels.（thenovel）2.专用名词、泛指的抽象名词和物质名词、人名前，不用冠词。Europe欧洲wood木头Peter3.月份、日期、季节、节日4.三餐和球类运动,棋类游戏名词havelunch/supperplaybadminton5.交通方式bybike/bus/plane/ship,onfoot1.Weworkfivedays_________week.A.aB.anC.theD./2.____bookonthedeskis____usefulone.A.The;anB.A;aC.The;aD.The;/3.Wecan'tsee____sunat____night.A.a;/B.a;theC.the;/.D.the;the4.After_______supper,hestayedathomeandplayed_______piano.A.the;theB./;theC./;aD./;/5.Billis_____Englishteacher.Helikesplaying_______football.A.a;theB.an;theC.a;/D.an;/6.Ittookme___hourand____halftofinish____homework.A.a,a,aB.an,an,theC.an,a,theD.an,a,×7.Englishis____language.Itis____importanttool.A.a,aB.a,anC.the,anD.a,×8.__girlin__GradeThreeis___tallestinourschool.A.The,the,theB.A,a,aC.The,×,theD.A,×,a9.Ihave____bluecoat.A.aB.anC.theD.some10.Thisis_____interestingstory-bookanditisalso_____usefulone.A.a;aB.an;anC.an;aD.a;an代词一.人称代词：主格（主语），宾格（宾语）主格代词的位置：句首，动词(be)之前宾格代词的位置：动词(be)/介词之后e.g.:她在等他。___iswaitingfor____.他说他明天来看我们。____said___wouldcometosee___.（二）物主代词：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词+名词名词性物主代词（用于省略上文中提到的名词）=名词1.Mybagisblackandyoursisred.2.我的电脑坏了，能用用你的电脑吗？Mycomputerisbroken.MayIuseyours?名词+of+名词性物代3.他们的建议我们的生活（三）反身代词1.反身代词是oneself根据所指词的人称、性别、单复数等的变化可以有myself,himself,herself,yourself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves等形式。注：不作主语，可作宾语，同位语①Youshouldtakecareofyourself.enjoyoneself,helponeselfto….（四）指示代词（特指）thisthesethatthose(1)that常用来代替前面出现的人.事.物,以免重复.that代替可数名词和不可数名词;those可代替复数名词.(2).在打电话时,英语中常用this代替自己,that代替对方.例如:A:MayIspeaktoMr.Zhang,please?B:ThisisZhangMingspeaking.Who’sthat.1.在表示对比关系的句子中，为避免同一名词的重复，可用that或those代替前面提到的特指的名词。如：Ourincomeisnow5timesthatof2000.（that=income）1.TheweatherinAustraliaisquitedifferentfrom___ofShijiazhuang.A.itB.thatC.thoseD.ones2.ThecarsmadeinJapanaremuchcheaperthan_____madeinAmerica.A.onesB.thoseC.thatD.itsuch：如此,这样&same同样1.such:放句首，倒装结构Suchismyhopeforthefuture.Suchwerethefacts.注：thesame+（名词）sucha/an+名词（五）疑问代词1.who,whom,whose,which,what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。如：Whatdidshesay?她说了什么?Whoseseatisthis?这是谁的座位?Whatareyouworryingabout?你为什么事烦恼?Withwhomwereyoutalkingjustnow?Whichcolordoyoulike,red,blackorwhite?Whatwouldyouliketohave?（七）不定代词表示