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园艺专业英语Lesson1TheHistoryandtheDevelopmentofProtectedCultivationSelectedandrewrittenfromuTheHistoryandGeographyoftheGreenhousebyIl・ZviEnochandYaelnEnoch,inGreenhouseEcosyslems20,echledbyG・StanhillandH・ZviEnoch,aseriesbookofEcosystemsofthcWorld(LiYaling,ShanxiAgricuhuralUniversity)Thislessonbrieflydescribesthedevelopmentofthegreenhousefromantiquitytothepresentday.Ilincludesadiscussionofp「o(ec(edcroppingincokbandho(・f¥ames,glasscloches,lean-tohouses,wintergardens»orangeries,conservatoriesandglasshousesintheirvariedforms,andplastic-cladplantenclosuresofallsizesrangingfromlowtunnels•walk-intunnels,tolargeplastichouses・Forthepurposeofthislesson,thegreenhouseisdefinedasatransparentenclosuredesignedtogrowortemporarilyprotectplants・Thusthedefinitiondoesnotincludeenclosuresforgrowingmushroomsortissuecultures・Inantiquity,however»therewereprobablynogreenhousesinthesensedefinedherebuttherewerevariouspracticesadoptedtoprovideout-of-secisonflowersandvegetables・Thecultivationofout-of-seasonplantswasintenselystudiedinancientAthensandRome・ThisCanbeseenforinstanceintheworkofTheophrastus[wholivedfrom372to287BCE(beforethecommonera)].Hementionedmovingplantsintotheperistyle(verandahiiiadosedcourtyardofaGreekhouse)atnightandheatingsoilbymixingitwithdecayingmanureorcompost.GrowersinChinaMesopotamia«Egypt,IsraehGreeceandRomegrewvaluableplantsinpotsandplacedthemindoorsatnightorduringcoldperiodstoprotectthem・Sometimes»plantsweregrownonwheelbarrdwsthatcouldeasilybebroughtintoagrotto»cellarorroomatnight.Chineseplantculturemayhaveincludedgreenhousesthat»xcordingtotradition,gobacktoantiquity.AChinesegreenhouse(Fig.1-1inthetextbook)consistedofabrickwallorientedeast-west.Onitssouthernside,atransparentsurfaceconsistingofbamboostickscoveredwithoiledpaperwasplacedatanangle30・40tothehorizontal.Duringtheday,thebrickwallbecameheatedbythesunandatnightitreleaseditsheat・Inadditionatnightthepaperwindowwascoveredbyrushmatswhichactedasthermalinsulation.Similarsimplegreenhousesareinusetoday♦anditisclaimedthattheyincreasethenighttemperaturebyupto69C・Inthe20thcenturyinbothnorthwesternEuropeandNorthAmericatherewasadevelopmentfromsmallertolargergreenhouseunits9usuallyeven・spanorridge・andfurrowmulti-spanhouses・TheUseofsmallelectricalmotorsallowedautomatedclimatecontrol,includingtheopeningofvents・Heatingbythermsiphonhotwatercirculationwasreplacedbyforcedcirculation・Electricalputnpswereusedforirrigationandtooperateshadingsystems,etc.Lean-toglasshouseslowlybecameobsoleteandheatingbysmokefluesdisappearedinthefirstdecadesofthe20thcentury・Howeverthesechangesalloccurredverygradual!y・Anexampleofthis园艺专业英语2developmentintheNetherlandsisoutlinedbelow・Simpleover-wintershedswereusedinAalsmeer,theNetherlands,uptothe1920%andstorc-framcstplacedagainstthewallstoprotectvinesintheWestlandregionwerephotographedin1928.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,90%oftheareausedforprotectedcultivationintheNetherlandsconsistedofcoldframesorhotbeds(heatedbydecompositionofmanureandcompost)・By1950,theareawasstillabout30%,andin1964itwas10%・TheuseofDutchlightswasintroducedatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Initially,onlysingle-spanframeswereused；double-lightframesdatefromabout1920・ComparingthebuildingpracticesintheNetherlandswiththoseinthemoreadvancedUnitedStates»oneseesthatin1904,90%oftheglass-coveredareaintheNetherlandsconsistedoflightframes・while25%oftheglass・coveredareaintheUSAintheyear1900wasofproperglasshouses・TheareaunderglassintheNetherlandsincreasedfrom1.6km2in1904to4.0km2in1912,to32.9km2in1950,reaching60.2knfin1964.Heatingandcarbon-dioxidefertilizationofhotbedthroughthedecompositionofmixturesofhorsemanureandplantresidueswaswidelyusedintheNetherlandsatthebeginningofthelastcentury,andremainedthecomITIonwayforgrowingcucumbersandmelonsuntilhorseswerereplacedbytractorsintheyearsaftertheSecondWorldWar.ClaassenandHazeloop(1933)mentionedthatatthattimeflueheaterswereonlyusedbyafewgrowen;intheNetherlands♦whereasinBelgium*mostofthe4.40kirTusedforfruit-growingin1939washeatedbyflues.Dutchgreenhousessuitabletoravarietyofcropsweredevelopedgraduallyoverhalfacentury.In1900,atLoosduinen»asteel-framedgreenhousewasbuiltwhichbecametheforerunnerforthe“\EnloWarenhuis?\ahousethatcouldbeusedfordifferentcrops・Thisglasshouse»firstbuiltin1937,consistsoflargesheetsofglassheldwithinthegroovesofthetwosidesofaseparatingnarrowsteelbar,permittingthemaxiniumtransmissionoflight・V?nlo-typcstructures(Fig・1・2)werebecomingpopularillWestlandoftheNetherlandsiiithe1950's・BurningnaturalgasforthesupplyofcarbondioxidetogreenhousecropsbeganintheNetherlandsin1961»followingworkdonebyJ・StenderfromtheInstituteofHorticulturalEngineeringinWageningen,andbecamegloballyappliedoverthenextdecade・Glossary1.glasscloche园艺用钟形玻璃西(E钟形玻璃罩，一种通常呈钟状的罩子，主耍用丁保护植物避免严寒冻害)2.cold-andhot-frame阳畦和温床3.Ican-tohouse一面坡温室，单屋面温室4.wintergarden冬季花园(或菜园)5.orangery柑橘温室，橘园,养橘温室(ashelteredplacetespeciallyagreenhouse»usedforthecultivationoforangetreesincoolclimates)6・conscrvatoiy话人室(agreenhouse。especiallyoneinwhichplantsarcarrangedaestheticallyfordisplay,asatabotanicalgarde