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GreekMythologyAncientGreeceTheGreatFountainsciencetechnologydemocracypoliticsdramahistoryWesternCivilizationTheJudeo-ChristianCivilizationAnotherFountainHistoryofAncientGreeceinanutshellWherewasancientGreece?＞mountainouspeninsula＞jutsintheMediterraneanSea＞numerousrockyislandsoffthecoast＞settledwiderareaSEEWORLDMAPHistoryofAncientGreeceinanutshell•WhendidGreekCivilizationbegin?–Cretecirca2200BC(克里特岛)–MinoanPeriod(米诺斯文明)–Legendaryruler:MinosHistoryofAncientGreeceinanutshell•ThenWhat?–Mycenae(迈锡尼时期)(warculture)–AcityonmainlandGreece–WarinTroy,AsiaMinorHistoryofAncientGreeceinanutshell•ADarkAge(黑暗时期)came……–Poverty–Politicalconfusion–Formorethan200yearsHistoryofAncientGreeceinanutshell•ArchaicAge古风时期–Around750to480BC–Old-fashioned–Stillinnovative–City-states–OlympicGamesbegancirca776BCHistoryofAncientGreeceinanutshellTheClassicalPeriod(古典时期)480BC–323BCHistoryofAncientGreeceinanutshell•Whichwasthestrongestcity-state?–Sparta–Athens–Greco-PersianWars(490BC-479BC)(希波战争)（对外）–PeloponnesianWar(431BC–404BC)(伯罗奔尼撒战争)（内战）–weakenedbothHistoryofAncientGreeceinanutshell•HowdidGreekpowerend?–ConqueredbyMacedonia马其顿(338BC)–Akingdomtothenorth–Greekcivilizationcontinued……HistoryofAncientGreeceinanutshell•Whatnext?–AlexandertheGreatdiedin323BC.–TheHellenisticperiod(希腊化时期)beganHistoryofAncientGreeceinanutshell•Romanscamein146BC•PartofByzantineEmpire拜占庭帝国(395)•Byzantinecapital•Constantinople君士坦丁堡•Istanbul伊斯坦布尔•ByzantinefelltoOttomanTurks奥斯曼土耳其in1453Races•The20thcenturyracialclassificationbyAmericananthropologistCarletonS.Coon,dividedhumanityintofiveraces:•Caucasoidrace高加索人种（白种人）•Negroidrace尼格罗人种（黑种人）•Capoidrace非洲开普人种•Mongoloidrace蒙古人种•AustraloidraceRaces•DetailoftheethnographicchartofMeyersKonversationslexikon,4thedition1885-1890,toillustratethenotionofAryanandCaucasianatthetime.–CaucasianRace:(bluetint)•Aryans[EuropeanAryansandIndo-Aryans;AryanscorrespondstoIndo-Europeans,Indo-AryanstoIndo-Iranians]•Semites闪米特•Hamites含米特–MongolianRace•NorthMongolian(lightyellow)[correspondstoAltaic]•Tibetans(darkyellow)–NegroidRace•AfricanNegroids(darkbrown)–uncertainclassification•DravidiansandSinghalese(green)BeginningofGreekBeliefI.Ghosts–Beliefin•Powersnotperceptibletothesenses•Souls•Goblinsorghosts–Burialsacrifices(殉葬品)•Humanofferings(realway)•Sacrificesofbeasts(symbolic)–Soulsavengeneglect–CorpsecomingbacktolifeBeginningofGreekBeliefII.Nether-WorldPowers:Heroes–UndergroundGods•Translatedwithoutdyingunderground•Receiveofferings•Exertinfluenceintheneighborhood(ringsabell?)–Propheciesindreams–Curingdiseases•GenerallyreputedancestorsasheroesBeginningofGreekBeliefIII.NatureandElementalPowers–Nature-daemon–Littledistinctionbetweenthem(maleorfemale)BeginningofGreekBelief•IV.Worship–Deities•Soul-likeordaemonicbeing•Chancesuccess(prayer,sacrifices,etc.)•Picturedasalivingbeing•Freefromearthlylimitations•Importantasgods–Mantryingtopleasethem–Threemainsformsofworship•Purification(water)•Prayer(promisesinsetphrases)•Sacrifice(later-burningsacrifices)–Deities’willslearned(signs/words)–AppearanceoftemplesGodsClassified•Gods–Nosingleversionofthegenealogy–Twoaccountswidelyrecognized•Theogony《神谱》byHesiod(8thcenturyBC)•TheLibrary《书库》byApollodorus(2ndcenturyBC)赫西俄德阿波罗多洛斯GodsClassified•1.CreationoftheGodsChaosGaea地母盖亚Tartarus冥府神塔耳塔洛斯Eros性爱之神厄罗斯混沌之神卡俄斯Uranus天神乌拉诺斯=GaeaTheTitans(includingCronus&Rhea)十二提坦神Cyclopes3个独眼巨人GodsClassified•2.Cronus克罗诺斯andRhea瑞亚Hestia女灶神赫斯提(hearth)Hera婚姻女神赫拉Zeus天神宙斯Hades冥王哈德斯Demeter丰饶女神得墨忒耳Poseidon海神波塞冬EscapedbeingswallowedGodsClassified•3.ZeusandtheOlympianGods—Cronus’sotherchildrendisgorged—ZeusmadewaronCronusandtheTitans—newregimeonMountOlympus珀尔塞福涅（被冥王劫持娶作冥后）艾莉西雅(生育女神)欧律诺墨(海洋女神)狄俄涅(冰海女神)(土卫四)勒托迈亚(昴宿七姐妹之一)墨提斯摩涅莫辛涅(记忆女神)西弥斯(法律与正义女神)九位缪斯女神(文艺、美术、音乐等)霍莉(时序三女神)谟拉(命运三女神)雅典娜(智慧,技艺与战争女神)阿耳特弥斯(月神与狩猎女神)赫耳墨斯(人神间的信使)美惠三女神(三姐妹，赐人魅力与美丽)阿芙罗狄蒂(爱与美的女神)赫拉克勒斯(大力神)阿尔克墨(底比斯国王涅安菲特律翁Amphitryon之妻)安提俄珀/安提奥佩安菲翁泽萨斯/西苏斯卡利斯托(nymph)(木卫四)坦塔罗斯firstKingofLydia(因泄露天机被罚永世站在上有果树的水中,口渴想喝水时水即减退,腹饥想吃果子时树枝即升高)狄俄尼索斯(酒神,即罗马神话中的Bacchus)古代斯巴达的别称(传说他建立斯巴达城，并以其妻子之名Sparta为该城命名)塞默勒(腓尼基王子Cadmus之女)珀尔修斯（杀女怪美杜莎Medusa的英雄)欧罗巴(腓尼基公主,木卫二)爱莪(木卫一)尼俄伯(她的十四个儿子因自夸而全被杀死,她悲伤不已,后化为石头)[诗]因丧失孩子而终身悲叹的妇女勒达(斯巴达王后,木卫十三)拉达曼提斯（冥府三判官之一）,铁面无私的法官艾克斯,冥府三判官之一埃帕福斯,埃及王,孟菲斯缔造者前两者地狱判官萨尔佩冬,吕西亚Lycia人首领百眼巨人firstkingofArcadia,theancestorofthePelasgiansGodsClassifiedZeus'sConsortsandOffspringZeus,theruleroftheGreekgods,hadmanyrelationshipswithGreekgoddessesandmortalwomenthatresultedinoffspring.Zeusevengavebirthtoachildwithoutamother—Athena,thegoddessofwisdom,sprangfromhishead.Metis美狄丝isconsideredtobeAthena’smotherbecause,asonestoryrelates,shewasZeus’spregnantwifewhenheswallowedherjustbeforeAthenaemergedfromhishead.ZeusmarriedhissisterHeraafterMetis’sdeath.GodsClassifiedZeusApollo阿波罗(太阳神)Artemis阿耳特弥斯(月神与狩猎女神)(DianainRomanmythology)Hermes赫耳墨斯(信使神)Athena雅典娜（智慧女神）HeraAres(withZeus)阿瑞斯(战神)Hephaestus(withZeusoralone)PoseidonHadesHestiaDemeter12OlympianGods&Goddesses赫菲斯托斯（火神）赫柏(青春女神,赫拉和宙斯之女,为奥林匹斯山诸神的侍女)珀尔塞福涅（宙斯之女,被冥王劫持娶作冥后)普罗米修斯埃庇米修斯GodsClassified•TheTwelveOlympians•alsoknownastheDodekatheon(Greek:δωδεκα,dodeka,twelve+θεον,