《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案

1河池学院课时计划（教案）学院（系）专业外语年级（班级）05级A班课程名称基础语言学任课教师及职称卢贞媛讲师时间2007年3月15日（第1周星期1,2,3）第节使用教材书名编（著）者版别及出版年月新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋、何兆熊02年7月第1版课题（章节）Chapter1课时安排5节教学目的letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutlanguageandlinguistics.教学重点难点I.designfeaturesoflanguage;II.someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics:SpeechandwritingDescriptiveandprescriptiveSynchronicanddiachronicLangueandparoleCompetenceandperformanceTraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics教学方法CommunicativeMethods教学内容及过程作业或思考题Homework:exercises3.5.6.教学后记2Chapter1IntroductionDate:March12,2007Teachingaims:letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutlanguageandlinguistics.Teachingdifficulties:designfeaturesoflanguage;someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsTeachingprocedures1.Whatislinguistics?1.1DefinitionLinguisticsisascientificstudyoflanguage.Itisamajorbranchofsocialscience.Linguisticsstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanysociety,butthelanguageofallhumansociety,languageingeneral.Ascientificstudyisonewhichisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationofdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.observation------generalization-----hypothesis------testedbyfurtherobservation------theory1.2Mainbranches(scope)oflinguisticsGenerallinguistics—thestudyoflanguageasawhole.1)mainbranchesphonetics语音学–thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationphonology音系学（音位学）--thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.morphology词法学—thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntax句法学–thestudyoftheruleswhichgovernthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages.semantics语义学—thestudyofmeaning.pragmatics语用学—thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse2)interdisciplinary(跨学科的)branchesoflinguisticstudysociolinguistics–thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsociety.E.g.languageusedandsocialbackground(thedifferencebetweentheeducatedanduneducatedpeople);languageusedandcertainoccasion(formalandinformalsettings);languagechangeandsocialchange(newwords)psycholinguistics–itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenweuselanguage,howweasinfantsacquireourmothertongue,howweememorize,andhowweprocesstheinformationwereceiveinthecourseofcommunication.Appliedlinguistics–findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.Inanarrowsenseitreferstothe3applicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.1.3Importantdistinctionsinlinguisticsa.Descriptivevs.prescriptive“描写式”和“规定式”Theyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.Grammar–prescriptiveModernlinguistics–descriptiveb.Synchronicvs.diachronic“共时”和“历时”Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.diachronic(historicalstudy)c.speechandwritingfirstlearnedandtaughtd.langue&parole“语言”和“言语”ThedistinctionwasmadebytheSwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.(conventionsandrules–abstract–notspokenbyanyone–stable)parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.(realizationsoflanguage–concrete—anaturallyoccurringevent–changeable)langue:1)theabstractsystem2)itissocial,asetofconventions3)relativelystableandsystematicparole:1)theactualizationoflanguage2)itispersonal,itistheconcreteuseofconventions3)itismorevariableandmayalterWhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.Synchronic(modernlinguistics)4e.Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.f.TraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguisticsModernlinguisticsstartedwiththepublicationofF.deSaussure’sbook“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”intheearly20thcentury.SoSaussureisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”.Thegeneralapproachtraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguagebeforethatisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Theydifferinseveralbasicways:Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Alinguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notinwhathethinksoughttobesaid.Hedescribeslanguageinallitsaspects,butdoesnotprescriberulesof“correctness”.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Traditionalgrammarians,ontheotherhand,tendtoemphasize,maybeover-emphasize,theimportanceofthewrittenword,partlybecauseofitspermanence.Then,mo