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非谓语动词动词不定式Todo分词：现在分词（doing）过去分词（done）动名词：（doing）它们在句中不作谓语。可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。1不定式和动名词作主语的区别（1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smokingisnotallowedhere.（抽象）Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.（具体）（2）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbingmountainsisinteresting.（经验）Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.（经验）Tostudyabroadhaslongbeenmydream.（未完成的事）（3）它们都可以转换成以It作形式主语的句子。以下句子为错句。Climbmountainsisinteresting.Climbingmountainsareinteresting.(Climbing)(is)常用It作形式主语的句型：1Itisnousedoing……=Itisuselesstodo……=Thereisnouseindoing……eg.Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.=Itisuselesstocryoverspiltmilk.=Thereisnouseincryingoverspiltmilk.2Itis+adj+for/of+sb+todostheg.ItisdifficultformetolearnEnglish.Itiskindofyoutohelpme.3Ittakessbsometimetodosth4Itcostsbsomemoneytodosth2不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别（1）不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来动作。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.Hiswishistobuyacarinthenearfuture.(2)动名词作表语表示抽象的一般性的行为。Ourworkisservingthepeople.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.(动名词作表语,说明主语的性质或情况,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的.)(3)分词作表语.表示心理状态的动词加上ing变成现在分词,译为“令人……的”,加上ed变成过去分词,译为“感到…….”Interesting/interesteddelighting/delightedexciting/excitedDisappointing/disappointedencouraging/encouragedPleasing/pleasedpuzzling/puzzledsatisfying/satisfiedSurprising/surprisedworrying/worriedTravellingisinterestingbuttiring.Theywereveryexcitedatthenews3不定式和动名词作宾语英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语.但有些动词要求:A只能加不定式作宾语的动词:affordagreeappearaskattemptbegchoosedecidedemanddesigndesiredetermineexpectfailHappenhopemanageplanwishpretendrefuse(+todo)B只能加动名词作宾语的动词：admitappreciateavoidconsiderdelayenjoyescapefinishimaginehatekeepmindmisspermitpractisepreventrisksuggeststandallowadviseforbidneedrequire(+doing)C有些动词后使用动名词和不定式作宾语的意思差别：forgettodo/forgetdoingstoptodo/stopdoingremembertodo/doingregrettodo/doingtrytodo/doingmeantodo/doingD有些动词使用动名词和不定式意思无差别begin,start,continue,intendE这些常用的词组要求用动名词作宾语can’thelpcan’tstandbeworthdevotetolookforwardtosticktobeusedtoobjecttobebusyfeellikegetdowntoF下面的动词要求用不定式作宾语补足语adviseallowaskbegcauseenableencourageforbidforcehelpinviteleadleaveorderpermitpersuaderemindrequiretellwarnwantwish(+sbtodo)G使役动词和感官动词要求不带to的不定式作宾补,变成被动语态时，则要加to.makelethave(+sbdosth)watchseenoticehearlistentofeelsmell(+sbdosth)4不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语不定式作定语。A不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系。例：Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.ThetraintoarrivewasfromLondon.B不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系。Gethimsomethingtoeat.Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.C不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系。这里的介词不能省去。Ineedapentowritewith.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.分词作定语特点：1现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动含义。2现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或已完成的事。Herushedintotheburninghouse.Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother.Theroomfacingsouthisourclassroom.Haveyougotyourwatchrepaired?Heisanadvancedteacher.不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系：一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。DoyouwanttoseethedoctortobesentforfromBeijing?Doyouwanttoseethedoctorworkingonthecasereportintheoffice?5不定式和分词作状语不定式作结果状语：AHelivedtobeaveryoldman.In1935helefthomenevertoreturn.Bso+adj(adv)+astoHisworkwassogoodastomakehiminternationallyfamous.Conlyto……竟然……（表示与预料相反的结果）Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.Dadj(adv)+enough+to…..Theroomisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.分词作状语分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，通常可以转换为相应的状语从句，表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。Seeingtheteacherenteringtheroom,thestudentsstoodup.=____________________________________________________________________________________.Heated,icewillbechangedintowater.=_____________________________________________________________________.Beingexcited,Icouldn’tgotosleep.=____________________________________________________________.Istoodthere,listeningtothebroadcast.=___________________________________________________________.Thechildrenwentawaylaughing.-=_____________________________________________________________________.Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.=_______________________________________________________________Whenthestudentssawtheteacherenteringtheroom,theyallstoodup.Whenitisheated,iceWillbechangedintowater.AsIwasexcited,Icouldn’tgotosleep.Istoodthereandlistenedtothebroadcast.Thechildrenwentaway.Theylaughedastheywentaway.Althoughtheyknowthis,theymademepayforthedamage.分词作状语与主语的关系A现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。如：Hewentoutshuttingthedoorbehindhim.Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.B过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Seenfromthehill,thetownlooksverybeautiful.分词作状语时前面可用连词When,while,once,jf,unless,though等引导的状语从句，若其主语与句子主语相同时，可保留该副词连接词，其余部分则简化为分词短语。Whilewalkingalongthestreetearlyinthemorning,hesawher.Iffallingill,I’llseemydoctor.Onceseen,itwillneverbeforgotten.Eventhoughgiveneverychance,theywouldnottry.Thoughknowingthetruth,heremainedsilent.分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构，或叫独立主格。例如：Therainhavingstopped,thesoldierscontinuedtheirmatch.Theboysreturned,theirfacecoveredwithsweat.注：有时侯也可用“with(without)+名词（或代词宾格）+分词”的结构，表示伴随情况。例如：Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,withabag(being)inhishand.分词作连词引导状语从句。这些分词有：provided/providedthat