Cold-Chain-Logistics报告

ColdChainLogisticsMcDonald’sbrilliantlyarticulatedfoodchain,whichextendedfromtheseoutletsrightuptofarmsallacrossIndia,makesitshugesuccess.In1996,whenMcDonald’senteredIndia,thecompanyfoundadistributionagentwhocouldactasahubforallitsvendors.Mumbai-basedRadhakrishnaFoodlandPrivate(RFPL)waschosenforthejob.TheiceberglettucefromOoty,muttonpattiesfromHyderabadandsesameseedbunsfromPunjabwerealldeliveredtoRFPL’sdistributioncentre(coldstorage)initsrefrigeratedvans.Thedistributionagent—RFPLstoredproductsincontrolledconditioninitsowncoldstorage,andthensuppliedthemtoMcDonald’soutletsonitsdailybasis.Thespeciallydesignedtrucksmaintainedthetemperatureinthestoragechamberthroughoutthejourneytokeepfoodfreshnessandadequatemoisturecontent.DefinitionofcoldchainCold-chainlogisticsisatemperature-controlledstorageanddistributionnetwork,usedprimarilyforperishables.Itincludesrefrigeration,freezing,warehousing,transportation,distribution,packaging,processing,multimodaltransportandotherseriesofvalue-addedservicesCharacteristicsItaddsrefrigerationandfreezingservicesduringwarehousingandtransportationofproducts.Itcouldkeepproductsfreshness,especiallyproductslikevegetables,fruitsanduncookedmeat.Coldchainlogisticshaveveryhighconditionforitsfacilities.Forlogisticscompanies,theymusthavecoldstorageandspeciallydesignedtrucksorcoldcontainerstoprovidetheseservices.Itneedalargenumberofinvestedcapital.ConsequenceCold-chainlogisticsinvestmentcostishighOperationcycledemandisveryshortOperationneedstohavestrongtechnologyFoodqualitycontrolisdifficultCold-chainlogisticsoperationstillneedsalotofotherspecialconditionThecompetitionofcoldlogistics(1)ConsumerTastesandbehaviorUnderstandingtheconsumeristhemajorissueforfoodretailers，consumersarebecomingincreasinglyawareoftheirpowerandareconsciouslyandsubconsciouslyrollingintheir“lifevalues”withtheirpurchases.(2)InstitutionalpressuresandregulatoryrequirementsFoodscares,deathandoutbreaksofdiseasearoundtheworldinthe1990’shavetriggeredmajorrevisionstofoodsafetyarrangements.(3)Environmentalconsiderations(4)Internationalandglobalizationinfluences(5)PoliticalinfluencesThebackgroundofAQL1In1999theyadvancedtheneedforindustrytohaveathroughchainperformancebasedqualitycoldchainlogisticsmanagementsysteminorderforourfoodexportstogainandmaintainaccesstothequalityendoftheoverseasfoodmarket.ThedefinitionofAQL1AQL1（AustraliaQualityLogisticssystem）isastandardtomaintainproductqualityandintegrityduringcoldchainlogistics.Itisacceptedbymostcountriesintheworld.Tomakeyourcoldchainlogisticsmorecompetitive,youmustintegratecoldchainqualitylogisticstomakeyourperformancestandardsacceptedbytheAQL1technicalgroupandaccreditationissued.TherequirementofAQL1(1)Foodsafety(insidestandard)Thelogisticscompanymustprovidecorrecttemperaturetokeepfoodsafeduringwarehousingandtransportation.(2)Foodsecurity(outside)inthewakeoftheterrorismactivitiesoverthelasttwoyears,securityfearsaboutthemovementofFreighthaveheightened.Notjustfoodsafety,butalsooutside,forinstance,registration,recordkeeping.(3)FoodqualityThereareanumberofvendorsupplymanagementprogramsbeingappliedorbeingdevelopedinkeyoverseasmarketsaswellasAustralia.ThetrendistounderpinanyqualityprogramwithaHACCPplan.Self-assessmentprogramchecklists(unitedfreshfruitandvegetablevendordeclarationprogram),HACCPbasedcodesofpractice(EUREP-GAP,FreshCare,NZVegFed),FullHACCPsystems(SQFcodes).(4)ColdchainlogisticsMuchtobedonebyexportersandcoldchainpartnerstomanagethechaineffectively,competitivelyandefficiently.Keybuyerssuggestthateffectivecoldchainmanagementwillbecomeaminimalrequirementforsuppliertomeetwithin5yearsandwillbecomeanon-negotiableitem.(5)Environmentsustainability&SocialacceptabilityTheEurep-Gap2004protocolforFruitandVegetablesappliedtofarmshas210controlpoints;itgoesfromseed/nurserytotransporttoenvironment,wasteandpollution,operatorhealth,safetyandwelfare.Wemaywellseethebuyerpreferringsuppliersthatovertimesuppliersofthemodes’relativeimpactontheenvironment.Transportcompaniesthatdonotpayanacceptablewagetotheirstafforlacksoundhealthandsafetyarrangementmaybeprecludedinthefuture.NewdevelopmentsinthecoldchainToreducethetimeintervalbetweenharvesting,picking,slaughtering,capturingormilking,andcooling:thisiscalledearlyrefrigeration.Thismakesitpossibletoreducewaterlossandtopreventmultiplicationofmicro-organisms.Underoptimalconditions,bacteriadivideevery20minutes:therefore,within8hoursunderoptimaltemperatureconditionsandwherethemediumisofoptimalcomposition,onebacteriumwillhavegeneratedover16milliondescendants(morethanthenumberofinhabitantsinParisanditssuburbs).Thisconfirmsthattemperatureisafundamentalfactorenablingthecontrolofmicrobialrisks.Toseparatecoolingandstoragefunctions.Milkiscooledinmilkchillers,meatincarcasschillingrooms,vegetablesinpackingandprecookingpremises,fishonicewhilestillatseaandfrozenfoodstuffsinfreezingtunnels.Evenfruits,whichweretraditionallycooledinstorerooms,arenowstartingtobecooledinspecialpremisespriortostorage.Storagepremisescanthusbecooledmorerapidlyandthereisnooversizing.Todesignmorefle