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Unit2•评估母乳喂养的锐减程度•assesstheextentofdeclineinbreast-feeding•不良改变的诱发因素•themajorfactorsresponsibleforthenegativechange•就住房和一般生活成本而言•intermsofhousingandgeneralcostofliving•被奶瓶文化所取代•givewaytothe“bottleculture”•补充其他食物besupplementedwithotherfoods•对延长母乳喂养产生不利影响•Militateagainstprolongedbreast-feeding•宏观经济与社会文化因素的复杂交织•complexinteractionsbetweenbroadeconomicandsocio-culturalfactors•把负面的变化归因于从发达国家舶来的态度和影响•attributethenegativechangetoattitudesandinfluencesimportedfromthedevelopedworld•不符合母亲的营养意识•fallshortofthemother’snutritionalawareness•等同于极端的个人及社会贫困•besynonymouswithextremeindividualandcommunitypovertyTask1(Page32)1.D2.C3.E4.A5.B6.L7.K8.O9.J10.N11.F12.M13.M14.HTask2(Page33)1)Thereportattemptstoevaluatecurrentmaternalperceptionsofinfant-feedingamongdifferentethnic,religious,cultural,andsocio-economicgroupsinNigeria.Theresearchquestionsinclude:Whatisthecurrentsituationofthedeclineinbreast-feedinginNigeria?Whatarethemajorfactorsresponsibleforthenegativechange?Howtoinstitutecorrectiveeducationalmeasures?(B)2)ThemetropolitanLagosisheterogeneousinitsethnicandsocio-economiccomposition.(B)3)Mostoftheearlierreportsattributedthenegativechangetoattitudesandinfluencesimportedfromthedevelopedworldandthepreferenceforbottle-feedingbytheurbanizedAfrican.(L)4)FormostNigerians,urbanexistencemeansextremeindividualandcommunitypoverty.Implicitinthisisagreatpressureonmotherstospendmoretimetryingtoaugmentthefamilyincomeattheexpenseofcaringadequatelyfortheirchildren.(M)5)Childhoodmalnutritionismorearesultofobjectiveconditionsofpeople’slivesthanignoranceonthemother’spart.(N)Task3(Page42)1.h2.j3.m4.n5.q6.v7.u8.a9.t10.b11.s12.l13.c14.d15.r16.p17.e18.o19.k20.i21.g22.f23.wTask41)ThegovernmentaccordedhimtherankofColonel.授予，给予presentwith,grant,confer,give,render2)Shedidnotunderstandthedimensionofherplight.方面scope,extent3)Todayhiscompanycontinuestothrive.兴旺，繁荣flourish,bloom,prosper,growrich4)Thediscrepancybetweenpressandradioreportsisobvious.差异difference,disparity,divergence,disagreement,dissimilarity,incongruity,contradiction,inconsistency,incongruousness,discordance5)Noneofthesebuildingsarenoteworthyfortheirarchitecture.值得关注的，重要的，显著的great,magnitudinous,important,notable,significant,exceptional,towering,extraordinary,outstanding,remarkable6)Wewillinstitutesomelegalproceedingsagainstthecompany.开始实行，着手，提起（诉讼）initiate,introduce,originate,launch,start,begin7)Shekeepsextollinghismanagerialskills.赞美acclaim,praise,paytributeto,glorify,applaud,compliment8)Theyattributetheirsuccesstoexternalcausessuchasluck.归因于ascribe,assign,credit9)Theheterogeneoussocietyoftodayshouldbetakenintoaccount.各种各样的varied,mixed,diversified,assorted,diverse10)Thegreatvirtueofcampingisitscheapness.优点plus,strength,advantage,asset,benefit,merit11)Goinggreyisnotnecessarilysynonymouswithgrowingold.等同于equivalentto,identicalto,equalto,thesameas,identifiedwith,tantamountto,similarto12)Shefeltanoverwhelmingdesiretohaveanotherchild.难以抑制的，强烈的overpowering,strong,compelling,uncontrollable,compulsive,irresistible,forceful,powerfulThemostformalonesare:disparity,ascribe,augment,incongruity,acclaim,initiate,burgeon,compelling,confer,paytributeto,incongruous,tantamountto,discordance,compulsive,identi-fiedwith,assorted,meritTask5(Page44)1)Atleast29%ofthefamilieshadincomesbelowN2ooeverymonth,whichwasmuchlowerthantheminimumrequiredlivinginacityrankedamongthemostexpensiveintheworldwhenitcomestohousingandgeneralcostofliving.2)Ascouldbeclearlyseenfromthepresentstudy,therewasawidegapbetweenwomen’sactualinfant-feedingpracticeandtheiropinionsonwhatthepracticeshouldbelike.Inmostofthecasesthemothers’nutritionalawarenessisbetterthantheiractualpractice,andthisiscontradictorytothewidelyheldbeliefsthatthoseilliterateandurbanizedwomensufferfrominappropriatecounseling.3)Mostoftheearlierreportsbelievethatpeople’sattitudeschangenegativelybecauseoftheinfluencesfromthedevelopedworldandthepreferenceofbottle-feedingtobreast-feedingbytheurbanizedAfrican.Clearlysuchexplanationsaretoosimpleandonlysuitasmallnumberofpeoplefortheyneglecttheharshrealitiesofurbanexistence,whichmakesitdifficultforthemotherstoprolongbreast-feeding.Task6(Page44)Mainidea:Researchshowsthatchildhoodmalnutritionismorearesultofobjectiveconditionsofpeople’slivesthanignoranceonthemother’spart.Task7(Page45)Themajorobjectiveoftheresearchpaperistoassesstheextentofdeclineinbreast-feedingaswellasthefactorsresponsibleforthenegativechange,andmeasurestotackletheproblem.Thestudysamplecomprised558randomlyselectedwomenresidentsinSurulere,Nigeria.Aninterviewwasconductedbyastandardquestionnairetoobtaininformation.Researchshowsthatthedeclineinbreast-feedinginNigeriaismainlyduetotheharshrealitiesofurbanexistence,whichmeansextremeindividualandcommunitypoverty.Thecurrenttrendwillnotbereversedifthemajorstructuraldefectofurbanlifeinthedevelopingworldisnoteliminatedorcontrolled.Muchcanbedonetoeducatethemothersontheuseofhygienicallyacceptablesupplementaryfoodsfromrelativelyinexpensivebutnutritiouslocallyavailablestaplefoods.Task10(Page45)BreastfeedingFacesChallengesinChinaUrban