17-18-periods-Marxist-criticism

MarxistCriticismMarxistLiteraryCriticismCompanyLogoMarxistTheoriesBriefIntroductionDevelopmentMainIdeasSchoolsofThoughtsMarxismMarxistLiteraryCriticismBriefIntroductionMainIdeasDevelopmentRepresentativesInflencedWritersAssumptionsWhatisMarxism?asetofsocial,economic,politicalideashelptointerpret&changethesocietysociety'sstructureisbuiltonconflictsbetweensocialclassesthecontrolrightsofeconomicresourcesbasesuperstructurevulgarMarxismideologyshapesthesociety'ssuperstructure(literature)CompanyLogoMarxismPoliticsLiteraryCriticismEconomyPhilosophyBriefIntroductionFounders2meaningsDefinitionInfluences•KarlMarx&FriedrichEngels•ScientificSocialism•Narrowsense•Broadsense:•Aneconomic&sociopoliticalworldviewandmethod•Adialecticalview•Ananalysisandcritique•Germanclassicalphilosophy•Britishclassicalpoliticaleconomics•FrenchUtopiansCompanyLogoDevelopmentTheCommunistManifesto1848PrefacetotheContributiontotheCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy1859Capital,howcapitalismdevelopedandfunctioned1867Marx'sdeath,Engelsaseditorandtranslator1883DevelopmentEngels,OriginsoftheFamily,PrivatePropertyandtheState1884RussianRevolution1917collapseofMarxistregimes,“Marxismisdead”1980/90RussianRevolutionArgumentsovertheimportanceofpoliticalleadershipandtheuseofrevolutionarystatepowerincreatingasocialist(andcommunist)societyneverstopped.SinceMarxandEngelsthemselvesdidn’tproduceanydetailedanalysisofsuchissues,20thcenturyMarxistssuchasLenin,Stalin,MaoandCastroaddedtheirownperspectivestoit.SocialclassesMeansandmodeofproduction生产资料,生产方式Historicalmaterialism唯物史观Ideology意识形态Alienation异化Baseandsuperstructure经济基础和上层建筑MainIdeasBASE(labor)PoliticsReligionHistoryArtEducationSUPERSTRUCTURE(elite)IdeologyBecausetherulingclasscontrolsthesociety’smeansofproduction,thesuperstructureofsociety,aswellasitsrulingideas,willbedeterminedaccordingtowhatisintherulingclass’sbestinterests.Marx,“theideasoftherulingclassareineveryepochtherulingideas,i.e.theclasswhichistherulingmaterialforceofsociety,isatthesametimeitsrulingintellectualforce”-----TheGermanIdeologyProletariatBourgeoisie:wealthyandpetitLumpenproletariat:criminals,vagabonds,beggars,etcLandlordsPeasantryandfarmersSocialClassesAlienation1844EconomicandPhilosophicManuscripts:ideasontheconceptofalienation(异化).Marxidentifiedthreekindsofalienationincapitalistsociety.First,theworkerisalienatedfromwhatheproduces.Second,theworkerisalienatedfromhimself;onlywhenheisnotworkingdoeshefeeltrulyhimself.Finally,incapitalistsocietypeoplearealienatedfromeachother.EarlyWesternMarxismStructuralMarxismNeo-Marxism(FrankfurtSchool)New-LeftMarxsimAnalyticalMarxismMarxistHumanismEco-MarxismMarxismFeminismSchoolsofWesternMarxismTheDivisionofMarxism1.classicalMarxism2.earlyWesternMarxism3.lateMarxismNotes:Itistobenotedthatthisdivision,thoughchronologicalinnature,bynomeansindicatesthelaterperiodwastoreplacetheformer.Theyinfactco-existwithacomplexinter-connectioninbetween.MarxistLiteraryCriticismMarxistliterarycriticismisaloosetermdescribingliterarycriticismbasedonsocialistanddialectictheories.Marxistcriticismviewsliteraryworksasreflectionsofthesocialinstitutionsfromwhichtheyoriginate.AccordingtoMarxists,evenliteratureitselfisasocialinstitutionandhasaspecificideologicalfunction,basedonthebackgroundandideologyoftheauthor.Mainideas1/2Socialbeingandconsciousness:Thesocialsituationoftheauthordeterminesthetypesofcharactersthatwilldevelop,thepoliticalideasdisplayedandtheeconomicalstatementsdevelopedinthetext.Superstructureandliterature:Literaturemaybepartofthesuperstructure,butitisnotmerelythepassivereflectionoftheeconomicbase.ElementsofthesuperstructureconstantlyreactbackuponandinfluencetheeconomicbaseFormandliterature:“thetrulysocialelementinliteratureistheform”,“everydefinitecontentdeterminesaformsuitabletoit”&“defectivenessofform,arisesfromdefectivenessofcontent”Formandideology:therelationshipbetweenformandcontentisdeterminedbythefactthatthenewformisdiscovered,proclaimedandevolvedunderthepressureofaninnerneed,ofacollectivepsychologicaldemandwhich,likeeverythingelse...hasitssocialrootsReflectionisttheory:howworksoflitrelatetotherealworld.Trueknowledge,isamoreprofoundandcomprehensivereflectionofobjectiverealitythanisgiveninappearance.artasproduction.WriteristheproducerMainideas2/2WesternMarxism1/2WesternMarxismisatermusedtodescribeawidevarietyofMarxisttheoreticiansbasedinWesternandCentralEurope,incontrastwithphilosophyintheSovietUnion.WhileGyörgyLukács’sHistoryandClassConsciousnessandKarlKorsch’sMarxismandPhilosophy,firstpublishedin1923,areoftenseenastheworkswhichinauguratedthiscurrent,thephraseitselfwascoinedmuchlaterbyMauriceMerleau-Ponty.WesternMarxism2/2WesternMarxismoftenemphasisestheimportanceofthestudyofcultureforanadequateMarxistunderstandingofsociety.WesternMarxistshavethuselaboratedoften-complexvariationsonthetheoriesofideologyandsuperstructure,whichareonlythinlysketchedinthewritingsofMarxandEngelsthemselves.SchoolsofWesternMarxismHegelianMarxismFrankfurtschoolFreudoMarxismExistentialismMarxismStructuralMarxismEcologicalMa