Data-Analysis

DifferentApproachesforDataCollection/DataAnalysis•Experiment•Survey•Quasi-Experiment•SecondaryDataAnalysis•ContentAnalysis•HistoricalComparativeMethods(ArchivalAnalysis)•ParticipantObservation•Ethnography•IndividualQualitativeInterview•TextualAnalysis•FocusGroupDiscussion•Del-PhiMethodSecondaryDataAnalysisSecondaryDataAnalysis•Atypeofresearchinwhichdatacollectedbyothersarereanalyzed.PrimaryDataAnalysis•Originalanalysisofthedatacollectedinastudy.Meta-Analysis•“Analysisofanalysis”•Quantitativeprocedureforsummarizingorintegratingthefindingsobtainedfromaliterature.•Usestheresultsofindividualresearchprojectsonthesametopicasdatapointsforastatisticalstudyofthetopic.SecondaryDataAnalysisAdvantage•Savescostfordatacollection.•Savestimerequiredfordatacollection.•Mayobtaindataotherwiseimpossible.Disadvantage•Datacollectedmaynotbesuitablefortheresearcher’spurposes.(Validity)•Allnecessarydatamaynotbeavailableinexistingdata.•Requirestimetosearchforthedataset.•Originaldatasetmaynotbeaccurate.•Existingdatasetsmaycontainmorevariablesthanwhattheresearchersneed.Needtimetosortoutthedata.ContentAnalysisGeneralusageoftheterm•Referstoanyofseveralresearchtechniquesusedtoanalyzethecontentofwritten,spoken,orpictorialcommunicationsuchasbooks,newspapers,televisionprograms,orinterviewtranscripts.Specificusageoftheterm•Referstoaquantitativetechniquethatattemptstoquantifythemeaningofthecontentofthewritten,spokenorpictorialcommunication.ContentAnalysis1.Determine“UnitofAnalysis”2.Determine“Indicators”3.“Code”thedataExampleResearchQuestion:WhatvaluesandbeliefswereexpressedbyadvocacycoalitionaboutSocialSecurity?UnitofAnalysis:CongressionaltestimonyonSocialSecurityreformfrom1983to2004.Indicators:Values---Statementonwhattheylike.Beliefs---Statementonwhatthingsshouldbe.ContentAnalysis1.Issueof“Sampling”e.g.Randomlysample20congressionaltestimonyeachmonth.2.Issueof“Coding”•CodingSheet•IntercoderReliabilityExercise:ContentAnalysisofCourseSyllabus•Content:PA410USyllabus•Coding:CivicCapacity(CCI)InitiativeMatrixHistoricalComparativeMethods(ArchivalAnalysis)•Focusonidentifyinghistoricaltrendsorpatterns.•Focusoncomparingthehistoricaltrendsorpatterns.Quantitativeapproach:•SecondaryDataanalysis.•Contentanalysisofarchivaldata.Qualitativeapproach:•Oralhistory.•Casestudy.QualitativeResearchMethods•Examples:•ParticipantObservation•Ethnography•IndividualQualitativeInterview•TextualAnalysis•FocusGroupDiscussion•Del-PhiMethodKeyfeaturesofQualitativeResearch1.CollectionprimarilyofqualitativeratherthanquantitativedataQualitativemethodsemphasizeobservationsaboutnaturalbehaviorandartifactsthatcapturesociallifeasitisexperiencedbytheparticipantsratherthanthenumericalrepresentationsofthecategoriespredeterminedbytheresearcher.2.Exploratoryresearchquestion.Qualitativeresearcherstypicallybegintheirprojectsseekingtodiscoverwhatpeoplethinkandhowtheyact,andwhy,insomesocialsetting.3.Inductivereasoning(Reasoningthatmovesfrommorespecifickindsofstatementtomoregeneralones)Onlyafterimmersingthemselvestomanyobservations,doqualitativeresearcherstrytodevelopgeneralprinciplestoaccounttheirobservations.KeyfeaturesofQualitativeResearch4.Afocusonhumansubjectivity.Qualitativemethodsemphasizethemeaningsthatparticipantsattachtoeventsandthatpeoplegivetotheirlives.5.Reflexiveresearchdesign.Inthequalitativemethods,theresearchdesignmayneedtobereconsideredormodifiedinresponsetonewdevelopments,ortochangesinsomeothercomponentasresearchprogresses.6.Sensitivitytothesubjectiveroleoftheresearcher.Qualitativeresearchersshouldbesensitivetotheroletheyplayintheprocessofdatacollection.“Researcherasaninstrument”Waystocollectqualitativedata1.ParticipantObservation2.Ethnography3.IndividualInterviewa)Semi-structuredinterviewb)Unstructuredinterview4.TextualAnalysis5.FocusGroupDiscussion6.Del-PhiMethodParticipantObservation•Sometimesreferredtoas“fieldwork”inanthropology.•Amethodinwhichnaturalsocialprocessesarestudiedastheyhappen.•Researchertakesaroleof“participant”Waystocollectqualitativedata1.ParticipantObservation2.Ethnography3.IndividualInterviewsIndividualInterviewsSemi-structuredinterview•Interviewswithaninterviewguidecontainingprimarilyopen-endedquestionsthatcanbemodifiedforeachinterview.Unstructuredinterview•Theinterviewerstartswithonlyageneralsenseofthetopicstobediscussedandcreatesquestionsastheinteractionproceeds.InterviewGuide•Alistoftopicstocoverandtheorderinwhichtocoverthemthatcanbeusedtoguidelessstructuredinterviews.•Thequestionsmustbejudgeditsappropriatenessforeachinterview,andmaybere-ordered,andre-wordedifnecessary.TypesofQuestionsOpen-endedquestionsvs.Close-endedquestionOpen-ended•“HowwouldyoudescribetheperformanceofthenewJapanesePrimeMinister”?Closed-ended•“DoyouthinkthenewJapanesePrimeMinisterisdoingagoodjob?”ProbesQuestionsthatallowtheintervieweetofurtherexpandontheirearliercomments.•“Canyouelaborateonwhatyoumeanby...”•“Whyisthatso?”Waystocollectqualitativedata1.ParticipantObservation2.Ethnography3.IndividualInterview4.TextualAnalysis5.FocusGroupDiscussion6.Del-PhiMethodFocusGroups•Atypeofgr