论文写作data-analysis

1DataAnalysisWANGYanSchoolofInternationalStudies,UIBEDataCollectionDatacollectionistheprocessofgatheringandmeasuringinformationontargetedvariablesinanestablishedsystematicfashion,whichthenenablesonetoanswerrelevantquestionsandevaluateoutcomes.Thegoalfordatacollectionistocapturequalityevidencethatthentranslatestorichdataanalysisandallowsthebuildingofaconvincingandcredibleanswertoquestionsthathavebeenposed.Aformaldatacollectionprocessisnecessaryasitensuresthatdatagatheredarebothdefinedandaccurateandthatsubsequentdecisionsbasedonargumentsembodiedinthefindingsarevalid.DataCollectionImportanceofdatacollection◦accuratedatacollectionisessentialtomaintainingtheintegrityofresearch.Boththeselectionofappropriatedatacollectioninstruments(existing,modified,ornewlydeveloped)andclearlydelineatedinstructionsfortheircorrectusereducethelikelihoodoferrorsoccurring.Consequencesfromimproperlycollecteddata:◦Inabilitytoanswerresearchquestionsaccurately◦InabilitytorepeatandvalidatethestudyImpactoffaultydata◦Distortedfindingsresultinwastedresourcesandcanmisleadotherresearcherstopursuefruitlessavenuesofinvestigation.2TypesofdataAfundamentaldistinctionbetweentwotypesofdata:qualitativeandquantitative.Thedataiscalled―quantitative‖ifitisinnumericalformand―qualitative‖ifitisnot.Qualitativedatacouldbemuchmorethanjustwordsortext,anditalsoincludesphotographs,videos,soundrecordingsandsoon.Thesuperiorityofonekindofdataovertheother?◦Quantitative:hard,rigorous,credible,andscientific;◦Qualitative:sensitive,nuanced,detailed,andcontextual.TypesofdataThiskindofpolarizeddebateobscuresthefactthatqualitativeandquantitativedataareintimatelyrelatedtoeachother.◦Allquantitativedataarebaseduponqualitativejudgments;andallqualitativedatacanbedescribedandmanipulatednumerically.◦Whatmaylooklikeasimple,straightforward,cut-and-driedquantitativemeasureisactuallybasedonlotsofqualitativejudgmentsmadebylotsofdifferentpeople.◦Ontheotherhand,allqualitativeinformationcanbeeasilyconvertedintoquantitativedataThesimplestwaytodothisistodividethequalitativeinformationintounitsandnumberthem!TypesofdataQualitativedata→QuantitativedataForinstance,thetextinformation(say,excerptsfromtranscripts)canbegroupedintopilesofsimilarstatementsanddescribetheresultsquantitatively.3TypesofdataQualitativeDataQuantitativeDataNon-numerical,requiringclassificationintocategoriesNumericalandquantifiedAnalysisthroughconceptualizationAnalysisthroughuseofdiagramsandstatisticsMeaningsderivedfromwordsandpicturesMeaningsderivedfromnumbersTypesofdata1.Surveys:Standardizedpaper-and-pencilorphonequestionnairesthataskpredeterminedquestions.2.Interviews:Structuredorunstructuredone-on-onedirectedconversationswithkeyindividualsorleadersinacommunity.3.Focusgroups:Structuredinterviewswithsmallgroupsoflikeindividualsusingstandardizedquestions,follow-upquestions,andexplorationofothertopicsthatarisetobetterunderstandparticipantsTypesofdata4.Textualdatawrittentexts◦books,papers,etc.oraltexts◦speech,conversation,theatreplays,etc.iconictexts◦drawings,paintings,icons,etc.audio-visualtexts◦TVprograms,movies,videos,etc.hypertexts◦oneormoreofthetextsabove,ontheInternet4AnalyzingQualitativeDataDatatranscription◦Datacollectedintheoraloraudio-visualformneedtobetranscribedintowrittentextsTimeconsumingVerbatimtranscriptionDetailedtranscriptionincludinghesitations,repetitionsandlaughter,etc.TranscriptionundertimeandmanpowerlimitationsUsingatranscriber(personormachine)AnalyzingQualitativeDataDataanalysis◦SystematicallysearchingandarrangingthedatacollectedwillenabletheresearchertocomeupwithfindingsPutyourdataintheclassifiedfileschronologicallyReadthedataatleasttwicebeforeworkingonitWriteyournotes/commentswhilereadingBreakthedataintomanageableunitsLookforcluesandcodethemwithlabelsOrganizingthemintocategories(synthesizing)DevelopingyourfindingsAnalyzingQualitativeDataDataanalysis◦Summarizing(condensation)ProduceasummaryofthekeypointsfromthetranscriptCondensethemeaningintoshortpassagestoperceivethethemesinthedata◦Categorization(grouping)DevelopcategoriesandputchunksofdataunderthemRevisethecategorizationtofindpatternsinthedata◦Structuring(ordering)Narrativestructuringfollowsastoryline,withabeginning,middleandend.Organizethewritinginaperceptibleorder5AnalyzingQualitativeDataCodingcategories◦Meanstohelpingtheresearchersortoutthedata◦Determinedbytheresearchquestionsandtheoreticalframeworkyouadoptforthisproject◦LookingforpatternsandregularitiesandgivethemyourlabelsAnalyzingQualitativeDataCodingcategories◦FamiliesofcodesSetting/Context/SituationPerspectivesheldbyinformantsaboutthemselvesInformants’waysofthinkingaboutothers/object◦CategoriesofcodesProcess/Activity/EventNarrativeMethodsStrategiesRelationshipandsocialstructureAnalyzingQualitativeDataSegmentinganddisplayingdata◦Thetranscriptscanbesegmentedwithreferencetoeachspecificresearchquestionssothattheirrelevantdatacanbeputaside.◦Datadisplayisdefinedasasegmenteddatafilewithfurtherreductionandsynthesizing,whichcanbepresentedinatableorina