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WhoisH.P.Grice?Whatiscooperativeprinciple?Fourmaximsofconversation英语11-1班14姜芳19段然16苏怡名HerbertPaulGrice•H.P.Grice(1913~1988)•British-educated,Oxfordphilosopheroflanguage•FinaltwodecadesofhiscareerintheUSACooperativePrinciple(CP)合作原则•conversationalimplicature会话含义•majortheoryinpragmatics•Firstknown--Harvardlecturein1967•Published—“LogicandConversation”CP’sDefinition•Gricenoticedthatindailyconversationspeopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.•Abasicunderlyingassumptionwemakewhenwespeaktooneanotheristhatwearetryingtoco-operatewithoneanothertoconstructmeaningfulconversation.Grice(1975):Makeyourcontributionsuchasitisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.在所有的语言交际活动中，为了达到一定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都遵守的原则，即合作原则。Quantity1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.1.1Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).E.g.BusinessaffairsEfficiency!!!Time!!!Straightforward!!!Weshallbepleasedtosupplyyouwith50boxesoftoysatthelowpriceofRMB500perbox.商务活动非常讲究工作效率,注重实效,不浪费时间。信函等直截了当地表达主题。E.g.Teacher:Helen,whatisLaborDayanddowecelebrateit?whyHelen:LaborDayiscelebratedonthefirstMondayofSeptember.ItisadaysetasidetohonortheworkingpeopleoftheUnitedStatesandtogivethemanofficialdayofrest.InclassE.g.James:Yes,Madam?LadyMary:James,howdareyoubringmesuchdisgustingcoffee?It.scold,it'sbitter,it’s,it's…James:Ibegyourpardon,Madam.I’llbringyouafreshpotrightaway.LadyMary:Yes,Madam;No,Madam;Rightaway,Madam...Getout!!!Iknowhowallofyouhateme...evenmy.dear.Grandson,Charles.Youcan.twaitformetodie.Out,Isaid...Out!!!James:Yes,Madam.I.llbringyouafreshpotrightaway.QualityTrytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.TheMaximofQualityQuality1)A:Mary,youarethebestpastrycookintown.B:Thankyou.It’sthatKenwoodmixer.2)A:Ilikeyourshoes,Sharon.B:Thanks,Deb.Ilikeyourstoo.3)A:Youdancedverywell.B:Thankyou.ButImaynotbeasgoodasyouare.“Thankyou”是对发话人发话的答谢,也是对对方话语内容真实性的肯定。肯定对方话语的内容是对质量准则的遵守,因为质量准则要求人们不要生成自己知道是虚假的话,如果应答语否定对方的发话内容,就等于宣布对方说假话,这将使对方十分尴尬,且使对话难以正常进行下去。Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse!.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.W:Doyouseethatgray-hairedmanattheendofthetable?M:Ah,yes.Whoishe?W:He.stheSecretaryoftheInterior!M:Sothat.stheSecretaryoftheInterior!I’mafraidthatIfindverylittletoadmireabouthim,althoughheistheSecretary.Ireallycan’tseehowhereceivedhisappointment,unlessheisperhapsarelativeofthePresident.W:IthardlymatterswhetheryouliketheSecretaryornot.,,(Shedidn’tspeaktohimagain.)W:wifeoftheInteriorA:WheredoesXlive？B:Somewhereinthesuburbsofthecity.B的回答显然违反了数量准则，在他的回答中，他给A提供的信息显然少于A希望他提供的信息。但是其实B确实不知道X的确切地址的情况下，他违反了数量原则是为了遵循质量原则。这样，我们可以发现，说话人为了维护一条原则，不得不违反另一条原则。themaximofRELATION关联准则Berelevant.Makeyourcontributionrelevant.A：Whendidyoureceivehisletter?B：Twodaysago.A：Whendidyoureceivehisletter?B：IhaddinnerwithMary.themaximofRELATION关联准则Themaximhasstimulatedheatedargumentsastoitsproperinterpretation.SomeonearguesthatRelevanceissocentralandimportantthat“itisnotclearthatitbelongsonequalfootingwiththerest.Relevanceisatthetop,controllingmostoftheothers.”QuantityQualityMannerthemaximofRELATION关联准则HELEN:Youreallyloveme?JOHN:IlikeFerriswheels,andcollegefootball,andthingsthatgorealfast.Beperspicuousandspecific.（beclearlyexpressedandeasilyunderstood）a.Avoidobscurityofexpression.避免晦涩b.Avoidambiguity避免歧义c.Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity)要简练d.Beorderly.要有序themaximofMANNER方式准则themaximofMANNER方式准则Avoidobscurityofexpression.避免晦涩SIMON:Whenareyoucominghome?BETH:Iwillcodifythatquestiontomysuperiorsandrespondatsuchatimeasanadequateanswerispreparable.Avoidambiguity避免歧义themaximofMANNER方式准则AMY:Tellthemwhathappened!JOHN:Meredithsawanobjectorentitystronglyresemblingagiantbug.themaximofMANNER方式准则Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity)要简练A：WhatdidyoursisterbuyatSearsyesterday？B：Sheboughtareddress，sheboughtagreendress，andsheboughtabluedress．themaximofMANNER方式准则Beorderly.要有条理CARSON:Whathappened?SUSAN:Hepassedout,andhegotattackedbyagiantbug.conclusion•Cooperativeprinciple—pragmatics•FourmaximsthemaximofquantitythemaximofqualitythemaximofrelationthemaximofmannerNotwhatweoughttobeButwhatactuallyhappenedinconversation