第1页Lesson42Moderncavemen一、单词讲解Newwordsandexpressionscavemann洞穴人(穴居人)caven.洞穴(天然的)cavemann.(远古)洞穴人amanlivinginacavethousandsofyearsagocavern['kæv(ə)n]n.大洞穴,大山洞alargecavecavity['kævɪtɪ]n.洞,腔(正式的医学术语);(龋齿的)洞pothole['pɒthəʊl]n.锅穴(冰原),壶穴(河床)(地质)potholingn.洞穴探险(运动)potholern.洞穴探险者solitude['sɒlɪtju:d]n.孤独、寂寞(2.独处)(enjoyingbeingalone,beingwithoutcompanions)六级罕见liveinsolitude独自(居住)生活isolationn.隔离、孤立(不情愿地,被动)(afeelingofbeinglonelyandunabletomeetorspeaktootherpeople)eg.Retirementcanoftencausefeelingofisolation.seclusion[sɪ'klu:ʒ(ə)n]n.隔离(主动,隔离室等);隐居、与世隔绝独处(刻意)eg.TheEmperorlivedinseclusionbehindthewallsoftheForbiddenCity.Recluse[rɪ'klu:s]n.隐士n.隐士;隐居者adj.隐居的远离【世界】,过着【隔绝】生活,“常常”是【独处】。-不一定是【宗·教·信·仰】的原因,不一定是独处(也许是小群体的与世隔绝的生活);recluse的第2个含义,才是指修行者,和上面hermit同。reclusive[rɪ'kluːsɪv]adj.隐居的;隐遁的hermit['hɜːmɪt]n.(尤指宗教原因的)隐士,隐居者;蜂鸟强调的是远离【社会】,因【宗·教·信·仰】而【独处】的修行的人。还有些小的区别:recluse只用于人,而hermit可指动物的独居习性;lure[l(j)ʊə]v引诱,诱惑(n.诱惑;饵;诱惑物vt.诱惑;引诱;引怪(游戏术语))potholern.洞穴探险者rambler['ræmblə]漫步者,散步者(n.漫步者,漫谈者;攀缘蔷薇)stroll[strəʊl]n.溜达,散步(=slowwalkingforpleasureinstreetoringarden)指不慌不忙地溜达goforastroll=goforawalk,takeastroll=takeawalk--Heisstrollingalongtheroad.Strollern.散步者,流浪者Ramble[‘ræmbl]v.海岸、林中的漫步--Thecoupleareramblingintheforest.[英]漫步,尤指为消遣而在乡间闲逛Roam[rəʊm]v.不安定的漂泊(徜徉;闲逛;漫步towalkortravelaroundanareawithoutanydefiniteaimordirection)常指长时间没有目的或方向地游荡。Wander['wɒndə]vi.漫步,徘徊,流浪,彷徨,无目的地移动1、towalkslowlyaroundortoaplace,oftenwithoutanyparticularsenseofpurposeordirection2、[V]~(away,back,to,etc.sth)(ofaperson'smindorthoughts人的思想或想法)走神;神志恍惚;(思想)开小差tostopbeingdirectedonsthandtomovewithoutmuchcontroltootherideas,3、[V]~(away/off)|~(from/offsth)偏离(正道);走失;离散tomoveawayfromtheplacewhereyououghttobeorthepeopleyouarewith同义词:stray第2页undertakingn任务,工作undertakev.承担,着手做undertaketodo1、开始做youstartdoingitandacceptresponsibilityforit2、承诺做youpromisethatyouwilldoit.--Heundertooktoinformeveryoneconcerned.--Weundertakeainvestigation.承担,着手做:starttodosthtakeoffdoingsthbeengagedinsth(参与,从事于,忙于)setouttodosetaboutdoingundertakingn.事业,工作(正在着手做的事)Assignment(工作中的)任务,作业onanassignment去执行公务assign分配,指派mission使命MissionImpossible谍中谍foresight['fɔ:saɪt]n预见,深谋远虑foresee预见forecast预测,预报predict预计expect期望,预计Fore前缀表示1、前部的(空间),前面的(时间)2、预先1、foreheadforearm前臂forefinger食指foreword前言(写在〔书〕前面的话→前言)Forerunner先驱,先兆forefather祖先foresight远见2、foreseeforecastforetellforestall阻止(预先制止)foretell[fɔ:'tel]v预言名词的预测一般用predictionprophecy['prɒfɪsɪ]n.预言;allegory['ælɪg(ə)rɪ]寓言(讽寓)fable['feɪb(ə)l](n.寓言;无稽之谈vi.编寓言;虚构vt.煞有介事地讲述;虚构)foretell一般的通俗用语,往往指根据客观因素做出的预告,强调预先要发生的事。forecast指对未来事件的预报、推测或设想,侧重最终可能出现的结果。predict较正常的正式用词,通常用于人。指根据事实或自然规律进行推断后作出预告,隐含有科学的准确性。foresee指提前、预先料到将要发生的事或指对未发生的事情形成一种概念或判断chasm['kæz(ə)m]n.断层,裂缝,陷坑(n.峡谷;裂口;分歧;深坑)aropebridgeacrossthechasm横跨裂缝的绳索桥n.分歧,不同,裂痕(abigdifferencebetweentheopinions,experience,waysoflife)adeeppoliticalchasmbetweenthesetwocountries两个国家间的很大的政治分歧flaw[flɔ:]n.瑕疵,小裂缝,小错,弱点;裂缝,裂纹vt&vi.使生裂缝,使有裂纹;使无效;使有缺陷(amistake,markorweaknessthatmakessomethingimperfect)事物表面的裂纹,引申出瑕疵,缺陷fatalflaw致命的弱点cleft[kleft]n.裂缝,裂口(自然形成)((尤指岩石、地表的)裂缝;额头(或下巴)中间的竖缝;(身体)V字形凹陷)anaturalcrackinthesurfaceofrocksortheearthetc.asharpcleftbetweenrichandpoor贫富之间的巨大差异cleavage['kli:vɪdʒ]n.(劈裂的)裂痕,不同意见(n.劈开,分裂;[晶体]解理;[胚]卵裂)asharpcleavageintheattitudestowardseducation关于教育的截然不同的意见cleave1、劈开[文学性]2、cleaveto坚忠于[正式]fissuren.裂缝,(尤指岩石上的)裂沟;分歧v.(使)裂开,分裂(adeepcrack,especiallyinrockorearth)crackn.(一个)开口,缝隙(1、使…破裂;破裂2、使…噼啪作响;发出辟裂声3、撞击4、叩开(壳鸡蛋)5、破解难题,密码等)最普通的用词eg.Sheopenedthedooracrackandslippedin.crevice['krevɪs]n.(岩石上的)细小裂缝(anarrowcrack,especiallyinrock)第3页gapn.间隙;缺口;差距;分歧(anemptyspacebetweentwoobjects)强调空间thegenerationgap代沟eg.Thereiswidegapinmyknowledgeofhistory.我历史知识十分缺乏。distinguishedadj.杰出的、著名的(学术上、领域知名的)verysuccessfulandrespected;wellknown;remarkableeg.AdistinguishedscientistwonTheNobelPrize.atall,distinguished-lookingman一个高个,相貌非凡的男子unremarkableremarkablyremarkvt谈到、说起(正式评论、谈论on/upon)n.评论、意见aboutoutstanding(adj.突出的,杰出的,卓越的)--Ourheadmasterisanoutstandingyouth.(n.年轻人,青少年)Distinguished(adj.杰出的,卓越的,不同非凡的)(非常成功且令人钦佩的)~physicist[‘fɪzɪsɪst]Eminent(adj.显赫的,杰出的,有名的,优良的)[‘emɪnənt](尤指在某一行业、专业领域中颇有名气的)Distinguished和eminent是同义词(都是用来修饰严肃领域的人)--adistinguishedphysicist(n.物理学家),aneminentsurgeon(n.外科医生)--aneminentjudge(n.法官),adistinguishedlawyer(n.律师)notedadj.显著的、值得注意的;著名的well-knowntoreceivealotofpublicattentionanotedrestaurant一个远近闻名的餐馆celebrated['selɪbreɪtɪd]adj.most-talkedabout,famous著名的(非常偏,专业四级)acelebratedcase人尽皆知的案例celebrity[sɪ'lebrɪtɪ](尤指娱乐界的)名人,明星illustrious[ɪ'lʌstrɪəs]adj.极为杰出的,著名的(一般指人)(famousandadmiredbecauseofwhatyouhaveachievedinthepast,greatlydistinguished;celebrated)anillustriousbookanillustriousnamerenowned[rɪ’naʊnd]adj.某人或某事/地以其独特的品质、个性而闻名be~(as/forsth)有名的;闻名的;受尊敬的famousandrespected--Hangzhouisrenownedforitsbeautifulscenery.(n.风景,景色)notoriousadj.臭名远扬的(famouswidelyknownforsthbad)anotoriousgangster恶名昭彰的歹徒infamousadj.身名狼藉的(=Notorious)Everest:thehighestmountainintheHimalayas,ontheborderbetweenTibetandNepal[nɪˈpɔːl]eg.AIDSresearchershavemadesomeprogress,buttheystillhaveanEveresttoclimb.wade[weɪd]v涉水、蹚水(或泥)(vi.跋涉vt.涉水;费力行走n.跋涉;可涉水而过的地方)介词一般用through或者acr