转喻的认知解释-董成如

:2003-07-30:董成如(1966-),男,江苏如皋人,苏州大学外国语学院讲师,硕士研究生,研究方向为认知语言学和语用学转喻的认知解释*董成如(,215021):转喻不仅是一种修辞手段,而且是普遍的语言现象,更是基本的思维方式,即用突显易感知易记忆易辨认的部分代替整体或其他部分,或用具有完形感知的整体代替部分的认知过程根据同一认知域内整体与部分的配置,转喻可分为两大类:整体与部分或整体的部分之间互换而产生的转喻转喻既受相互竞争的信息经济认知突显和社会需要所制约,又能协调并实现这些原则:转喻;认知;制约原则:H05:A:1002-722X(2004)02-0006-04ACognitiveAccountofMetonymyDONGCheng-ru(SchoolofForeignLanguages,SuzhouUniversity,Suzhou,JiangsuProv.,215021,China)Abstract:Metonymyisnotonlyarhetoricaldevicebutalsoaubiquitousfeatureoflanguage.Moreover,itisabasicmodeofthinking)acognitiveprocessinwhichpeopleemploythesalient,wel-lunderstoodandeasy-to-perceiveparttostandforthewholeoranotherpartofthewhole,ortoselectthewholeasagestalttorepresentoneofitspart.Accordingtotheconfigurationsofthewholeanditspartswithinacognitivedomain,metonymyfallsintotwobroadcategories)metonymiesthatarisefromtheinteractionbetweenthewholeanditspartsandthosethatarisefromtheinteractionamongthepartsofawhole.Metonymyisgovernedbythecompetingprinciplesofinformativeness,economy,cognitivesalienceandsocialneeds.Ontheotherhand,itcannicelycoordinateandrealizethoseprinciples.KeyWords:metonymy;cognition;governingprinciples,,(metonymy)¹,(Radden&Kovecses,1999),(Barcelona,2000)1.,(1)Proust(vehicle),(target)Proust(1)Proustistoughtoread.º,(Lakoff&Johnson,1980),,))),Radden&Kovecses(1999),(SARSSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome),;,,(2)Iamallears.(3)Shewasabletofinishherdissertation.(4)A:DidIgetinvitedtotheconference?B:Yourpaperistoolong.(1)Proust(referentialmetonymy)(2)allears,Panther&Thornburg(1999)(3)Shefinishedherdissertation(4)))),:Youarenotinvitedbecauseyourpaperistoolong,,27220043JournalofPLAUniversityofForeignLanguagesVol.27No.2Mar.2004(5),faceforperson)))bodypartforbodybodypartforbodypartforwhole,(Lakoff&Johnson,1980)(6),(5)Sheisjustaprettyface.(6)HavanaisgettingdivorcedfromMoscow.WallStreetisinapanic.Hollywoodisputtingoutterriblefilms.,LakoffLangackerLakoff(1987),,(7)Chicago/0/0/0/0(7)a.ChicagoisallexcitedabouttheBulls.b.ChicagohasjustwonanotherChampionship.c.Chicagowaslateinsendinginitsapplications.d.ChicagoisrighthereinthestackbetweenDallasandMemphis.Langacker(2002)(activezone),(8):(8)Rogerateanapple.(8),Roger,,Roger)))RogerappleLangacker,,LakoffLangacker,,,,,2.,,,,(Seto,1999),Radden&Kovecses(1999)Kovecses(2002),:211整体与部分之间的转喻21111(things),(8)(synecdoche),,(9)legs(9)Thecoachisgoingtoputsomefreshlegsinthegame.21112(scale)speed,(10),Henryisdrivingataspeedthatexceedsthespeedlimit,old,(11)(10)Henryisspeedingagain.(11)Howoldareyou?21113(constitution)(object),(12)skunk(,)(13)woods(12)Ismellskunk.(13)Theyenteredthewoods.21114(event)(subevent),,(14),(14)MaryspeaksSpanish.(15)a.Theystoodatthealtar.b.Motheriscookingpotatoes.c.Ihavetogradehundredsofpapers.#7#2(15)(15a)(15b)(15c)21115,bottle,,aspirin21116(16)boys(16)Boyswillbeboys.,beauty212整体的部分与部分之间的转喻(entity)7:21211,,(17)thescalpel(17)Thescalpelwassuedformalpractice.21212,,healthycomplexion(Radden&Kovecses,1999)(18a)pridejoy,(18b)satisfaction(18)a.Sheismyprideandjoy.b.Thenewswasagreatsatisfactiontoallofus.21213(production),(19)VanGogh,,(20)Nike(19)SylvialovesVanGogh.(20)IsNikereallybetterthanotherathleticshoes?21214(control),(21)Nixon(22),,,thecar(21)NixonbombedHanoi.(22)Thecardoesnotknowwhereheisgoing.21215(possessor)(possessee),,(23)Times56(24),money(23)TheTimeshasnotarrivedatthepresscon-ferenceyet.(24)Hemarriedmoney.21216(containment),(25),thekettle(26),milk(25)Thekettleisboiling.(26)Themilktippedover.21217(location),(27)PearlHarbor,PearlHarbor(6),,(28)theUniversity(27)PearlHarborremembersPearlHarbor.(28)IliveclosetotheUniversity.,,,,,(25),,(26)3.Langacker(1977),,4(Levinson,2000),))),,#8#2004Langacker(1999)))),;,Radden&Kovecses(1999),getoutofmyfaceleavemealone;,gotothebathroom;,Canyoupassthesalt?Passthesalt,,,,,,,,(29)Table13iscomplaining.,,Langacker(1999),,,Radden&Kovecses(1999),,21,,,*感谢王寅教授和林书武研究员对本文的启发和指导:¹/metonymy0/0º(13),:[1]Barcelona,A.Ontheplausibilityofclaimingametonymicmotivationforconceptualmetaphor[A].Barcelona.MetaphorandMetonymyattheCrossroads[C].Berlin/NewYork:MoultondeGruyter,2000.[2]Hopper,P.&Traugott,E.Grammaticalization[M].Cambridge:CUP,1993.[3]Kovecses,Z.Metaphor:APracticalIntroduction[M].Oxford:OUP,2002.[4]Lakoff,G.Woman,FireandDangerousThings[M].Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1987.[5]Lakoff,G1andM1Johnson.MetaphorsWeLiveBy[M].Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1980.[6]Langacker,R.GrammarandConceptualization[M].Berlin/NewYork:MoultondeGruyter,1999.[7]Langacker,R.Topic,subjectandpossessor[A].Simonsen&Endresen.ACognitiveApproachtotheVerb:MorphorlogicalandConstructionalPerspectives[C].Berlin/NewYork:MoultondeGruyter,2001.[8]Langacker,R.Concept,ImageandSymbol:theCognitiveBasisofGrammar(2ndEdition)[M].Berlin/NewYork:MoultondeGruyter,2002.[9]Levinson,S1C.PresumptiveMeanings:theTheoryofGeneralizedConversationalImplicatures[M].Cambridge,Massachusetts/London:theMITPress,2000.[10]Panther,K&Thornburg,L.ThepotentialityforactualitymetonymyinEnglishandHungarian[A].Panther&Radden.MetonymyinLanguageandThought[C].Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins,1999.[11]Radden,G&Kovecses,