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ExaminEnglishPhoneticsandPhonologyI.FillinthenamesofthevocalorgansnumberedinFigure1below.(10points)1.upperlip8.lowerlip2.upperteethridge9.lowerteethridge3.alveolarridge10.tipofthetongue4.hardpalate11.bladeofthetongue5.softpalate12.frontofthetongue6.uvula13.backofthetongue7.epiglottis14.rootofthetongueII.Filltheblanks.(20points)1._IPA____isshortforbothInternationalPhoneticAlphabetandInternationalPhoneticAssociation.2.ThepresentsystemoftheIPAderivesmainlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphonetician,_DanielJones_(1881-1967),andhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofLondon.3.__Consonants__areproduced‘byaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction’.Bycontrast,a___vowel___isproducedwithoutsuch‘stricture’sothat‘airescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthornose’.4._MannerofArticulation_referstowaysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplishedwhile_PlaceofArticulation_referstothepointwhereaconsonantismade.5.GivedescriptionsofthefollowingsoundsinEnglish:a)[v]_voicedlabiodentalfricative_______b)[k]_voicelessvelarstop/plosive_______c)[r]_alveolarapproximant____________d)[e]_close-mid/mid-highfrontunroundedvowel_6.Whichsoundsdothefollowingreferto?a)bilabialnasal[m]b)voicedlabiodentalfricative[v]c)midcentraltensevowel[29]d)midbacktenseroundedvowel[N9]7.Thefactthatthevowel[æ]inlambhassomequalityofthefollowingnasalisaphenomenonwecall_nasalization_.8.[p]is_aspirated_inpeakand_unaspirated_inspeak.9.Theworddirectioncanbepronouncedasboth[dIrekRn]and[daIrekRn].Thisiscalled_freevariation_.10.Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,wecallit__regressive__assimilation.Theconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,isknownas__progressive__assimilation.III.UseIPAtotranscribethefollowingsentencesastheyarespokennaturally.(10points)1.Whatdidyousaybeforethat?2.Howdoyougotoschool?IV.AnswerONEofthefollowingquestions.(10points)1.Howdoyouteachtheresyllabificationprocedureinwordsliketellingandbottling?Or:HowdoestheMaximalOnsetPrincipleworkforEnglishsyllabification?2.Insometextbooksforbeginners,weoftenteachstudentstousetherisingtoneforyes/noquestionsandthefallingtoneforwh-questionsandstatements.Isthereanythingwrongwiththisandhowdoyouteachthemtousetherightintonation?3.HowimportantisstressinEnglish?4．WhyistherelationbetweensoundandsymbolinmodernEnglishsoirregular?5．WhatistherelationbetweentheCardinalVowelsandtheEnglishvowelchart?6．WhatarethemajorphoneticdifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanpronunciation?7．Explaintheconceptsofthe‘phoneme’and‘allophones’8．DiscussthephonologicalbasisfortheregularformsofthirdpersonsingularpresenttenseandthepasttenseformsinEnglish.9.WhataresomeofthemajordifferencesbetweenthephonologyofEnglishandyournativelanguage?Whichofthemarelikelytocauseproblemswhenacquiring/learningEnglishasaforeignlanguage?Howwouldyoutackletheminteaching?10.What’sthedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonology?(1)Phoneticsisthesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,especiallythosesoundsusedinspeech,andprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,speechsoundsmaybestudiedindifferentways,thusbythreedifferentbranchesofphonetics.(1)Articulatoryphonetics;thebranchofphoneticsthatexaminesthewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinateintheprocess.(2)Auditoryphonetics,thebranchofphoneticresearchfromthehearer'spointofview,lookingintotheimpressionwhichaspeechsoundmakesonthehearerasmediatedbytheear,theauditorynerveandthebrain.(3)Acousticphonetics:thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmittedbetweenmouthandear.Mostphoneticians,however,areinterestedinarticulatoryphonetics.(2)Phonologyisthestudyofsoundsystems-theinventionofdistinctivespeechsoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternswhereintheyfall.Minimalpair,phonemes,allophones,freevariation,complementarydistribution,etc.,arealltobeinvestigatedbyaphonologist.(3)Phonetics,isthebranchoflinguisticsstudyingthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Aphonetistismainlyinterestedinthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds,whereasaphonologiststudieswhathebelievesaremeaningfulsoundsrelatedwiththeirsemanticfeatures,morphologicalfeatures,andthewaytheyareconceivedandprintedinthedepthofthemindphonologicalknowledgepermitsaspeakertoproducesoundswhichfrommeaningfulutterances,torecognizeaforeignaccent,tomakeupnewwords,toaddtheappropriatephoneticsegmentstofrompluralsandpasttenses,toknowwhatisandwhatisnotasoundinone'slanguage.