英语阅读理解能力的养成

英语阅读理解能力的养成湖南师大附中黄长泰1、阅读理解的语言基础1）篇章的联结手段2）词汇衔接与逻辑关系语2、阅读理解的技巧和方法1）正确阅读习惯的养成2）正确有效的阅读方法3、阅读理解题的题型分析1）文章的主旨和大意2）主旨大意语事实和细节3）根据上下文揣测词义4）句子的意义与上下文之间的逻辑关系5）判断推理和引申6）领会作者的观点、意图和态度1、阅读理解的语言基础阅读理解题的测试目的：应试者的综合语言能力：①运用语言知识（词汇和语法）的能力；②认知能力；③阅读技能.1）篇章的联结手段语篇的连贯性是通过合理的联结来体现出来的。主要的联结方式有：语法手段、词汇衔接和逻辑关系语1、时间关联成分：表示事物发生的顺序：先时性、同时性和后时性。1）先时性关联成分：①形容词：earlier,former,previous②副词：already,before,ago,beforehandfirst,previously,③介词：beforethis/that,inadvance,bynow,notlongbefore,untilnowuntilthen,uptonow/thenExamples:①Hefinallyhandedagoodessay.Hispreviousessayswereallpoor.②Ifyouwanttohavedinnerinthisrestaurantatthistimeoftheday,you’dbettermakeapreservationbeforehand.1）同时性关联成分：①形容词：contemporary②副词：meantime,meanwhile,now,presently,then,justthen③介词：atthispoint,inthemeantime,inthemeanwhile,atthesametimeExamples:①ThedeathofthepresidentwasreportedonTV.Asimultaneousannouncementwasbroadcastontheradio.②Iwenttocollege2yearsago.Meanwhile,allmyfriendsgotwell-paidjobs.1）后时性关联成分：①形容词：following,later,next②副词：after,afterwards,immediately,finally,later,since,then,soon③介词：afterawhile,inamoment,afterthat/thisExamples:①Themotherwenttothesupermarkettobuysomefoodat4:30.Later,shepickedupherchildrenatschool.②WevisitedtheGreatWallonthefirstday.inthefollowingdays,wevisitedmanyotherplacesofinterest,includingtheForbiddenCityandtheSummerPalace.2、地点关联成分：地点关联成份主要用来表示位置、地点或方向的词语above,around,before,beyond,beneath,closeto,further,here,infrontof,ontheleft,over,under,nextto,opposite,ontopof,atthebottom/backof,atthefootof,inside,outside等等。OnFridaymorning,Iwasatthefrontdoortalkingtoacaller.Suddenlyweheardacrashandtwocarscollidedjustopposite.Wehurriedacrosstoseeifwecouldhelp.Onedriverwasscramblingout,bleedingprofusely,andmyvisitor,helpedhimovertothepavement.Thenalongcamesomepeople,runningupthestreet.Idashedbackingandphonedforhelp.WhenIwentoutagain,theotherdriver,tryingtomovehiscardowntheroadalittleandintotheside.3、照应：照应是指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系。Onedaythesunandthewindhadaquarrel.Thesunsaidhewasstrongerthanthewind.Andthewindsaidhewasstrongerthanthesun.Marydidn’tgotoclassyesterdaybecauseshewassick.Listentothis!TheyhavecancelledFriday’smeeting.Tom,Mothersayswearegoingtothezootomorrow.YousaidTimhadanaccident.That’sreallytoobad!2)人称照应：人称照应是由人称代词、形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词体现出来的。MywifeandIareleavingforShanghaitomorrow.Wehavealreadybookedthetickets.YouandJanecanstayhereforthenight.I’msureyou’llenjoyyourselves.PetermarriedaChinesegirl.HemetherinShanghai.Hisparentsweren’tpleased.Theyvisitedherparents,butnothis.YoureallyoughttoaskSallynottotellastorylikethattoassthosefriendsofhersifshethinkstheymightbegoingtobeworkingwithJohn,unlessshecanbequitesureit’snotgoingtogoanyfurther.Ihardlythinkitwouldappealtohissenseofhumour.2)指示照应：表示指示照应词：指示代词：定冠词：指示性副词：this,that,these,thosethehere,there,now,then用that或those来指代前面刚提到的事情：Hiscarbrokedownontheway.Thatiswhyhewaslatethismorning.Wehavenomoremoneyfortherepairs.That’sourtrouble.用this来指下面要谈到的事情：ThisiswhatIwanttoknow:Hasthemailarrivedyet?this和those可以用来指代前面提到的事物，以避免重复该名词。that可以用来指代单数的可数名词和不可数名词；those则用来指复数的代可数名词。Thewaterinthiswelliscleanerthanthatinthat.(thatinthat=thewaterinthatwell)Thecoverofmybookismorebeautifulthanthatofyours.（thatofyours=thecoverofyourbook）Idon’tliketheclothesherebutIpreferthoseinthewindow.（those=theclothes）this和these指代近一些的事物；that和those指代远一些的事物。Thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness.ThisiswhatIcan’tunder-stand.A:Thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness.B:That’swhatIcan’tunderstand.Wewenttotheoperalastnight.Thatwasourfirstoutingformonths.Wearegoingtotheoperatonight.Thiswillbeourfirstoutingformonths.Maryhadabadcoldyesterday.That’swhyshedidn’tgotothemeeting.Theselanguageoptionsareopentoourstudents:Spanish,FrenchandGerman.Hetoldastorylikethis:Long,longago,therelivedintheforestanoldhunter…定冠词可用来表示前照应：JohnboughtaTVandavideoplayer.Buthereturnedthevideoplayerthenextday.Johnboughtabike.Butwhenherodeit,oneofthewheelscameoff.副词here可以表示前后照应；there只能表示后照应：Hereisthenews.Thepresidentisflying…Thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness.HereiswhatIcan’tunder-stand.HongKongisafamouscity.Ihavebeentherethreetimesonbusiness.now和then通常用于前照应：Wehavehadourdinner;nowlet’shavesomecoffee.Inmyyoungdays,weweremoreserious.Wehaddifferentideasthen.3)比较照应：比较照应是通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式或其他一些表示比较的词语表现出来的，也就是那些表示同异、相似、差别、质于量的优劣的词语。JohntooktwohourstoreachLondon.Bill,ontheotherhand,wasdrivingmoreslowly.Tomgetstendollarsaweekforpocketmoney.Bobreceivesthesameamount.HowmuchpocketmoneydoesBobgeteachweek?Jimhas120stampsbutTimhasfiftymore.HowmanystampsdoesTimhave?3)分句照应：分句照应是指：某些词语所指的对象不是词或短语，而是分句、句子或语篇。①既用于前照应，也用于后照应：here,this,itThereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness.HereiswhatIcan’tunder-stand.HereisthenewsIheardfromtheradio:TwoJapaneseairforcepilotsweremissingaftertheirtrainingjetcrashedintotheseaoffsouthernJapanyesterday.Manystudentsneverimprove.Theygetnoadviceandthereforetheykeeprepeatingthesamemistake.Itisaterribleshame.Itnevershouldhavehappened.Shewentoutleavingthebabyunattended.②只用于前照应：that,(the)above,theforegoingManyyearsagotheirwivesquarreledoversometrivialmatter,nowlongforg