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Danglingparticiple•1.“attachmentrule”and“danglingparticiple”•2.problemsabouttheacceptabilityof“danglingparticiples”attachmentrule”and“danglingparticiple”•Whenan–ingor–edparticipleconstructionisusedasarelativeoradverbialclause,itslogicalsubjectisusuallyidentifiablewiththesubjectorotherelementofthemainclause.Itisthroughthisrelationshipthattheparticipleconstructionis“attached”tothemainclause.Thisisknownasthe“attachmentrule”.attachmentrule”and“danglingparticiple”•e.g.Sittingatthebackaswewere,wecouldn’thearaword.•Hewashurtbyastonedroppedfromtheroof.•Violationofthe“attachmentrule”willresultina“danglingparticiple”e.g.Openingthecupboard,askeletonfellout.•Beingdark,wehadtogoback.problemsabouttheacceptabilityof“danglingparticiples”•Linguistsaredividedinopinionabouttheacceptabilityof“danglingparticiples”.Prescriptivegrammarianscondemnall“dangling”consructions,whiledescriptivelinguiststakeamoreliberalpointofview.“Dangling”constructionsshouldnotberegardedasobjectionableindescriminately.problemsabouttheacceptabilityof“danglingparticiples”•Theseconstructionsarefrequentlyfoundinformalscientificwriting,inwhichitisgeneralpracticetoavoidusingpersonalsubjects.Informalstyle,solongastheydonotcauseambiguityorconfusioninmeaning,“danglingparticiples”shouldalsobeviewedasnormalandacceptable.problemsabouttheacceptabilityof“danglingparticiples”•Only“dangling”constructionsareobjectionableorunacceptablethatcauseambiguityorsuggestaburdinterpretations.Formpedagogicalpointofview,however,beginnersinEnglishshouldnotbeencouragedtouse“dangling”constructionsunlessinscientificwriting.problemsabouttheacceptabilityof“danglingparticiples”Nowassessthefollowing:•Wheninstallingaboiler,thefloorspacewhichisavailableisveryimportant.•Usingtheelectricityenergy,itisnecessarytochangeitsform.•Havingbeendesertedbyhisguide,thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorerwouldfindhiswaythroughthejungle.problemsabouttheacceptabilityof“danglingparticiples”Nowassessthefollowing:•Whendrivingcarelessly,itiseasytohaveanaccident.•Standingonthechurchtower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.•Havingeatenourlunch,thecarpusheditswaythroughthetortuouscanyon.Conclusiononparticiple•分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.=Mostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.•典型例题•1）Thefirsttextbook___forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.•A.havewrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written•答案D.书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句whichwaswrittenConclusiononparticiple•2）What'sthelanguage____inGermany?•A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak•答案B.主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language,spoken与language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What'sthelanguage（whichis）spokeninGerman?Conclusiononparticiple•分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：•Notreceivinganyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。•AsIdidn'treceiveanyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.•Givenmoreattention，thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。•Ifmoreattentionwasgiven,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Conclusiononparticiple•典型例题•1）_____someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.•A.FollowedB.FollowedbyC.BeingfollowedD.Havingbeenfollowed•答案B.Napoleon与follow之间有被动的含义。beingfollowed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。followedby（被…跟随）。本题可改为：Withsomeofficialsfollowing,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.Conclusiononparticiple•典型例题•2）Therewasaterriblenoise___thesuddenburstoflight.•A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed•答案B.由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。Conclusiononparticiple•典型例题•3）_______,liquidscanbechangedintogases.•A.HeatingB.TobeheatedC.HeatedD.Heat•答案C.本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句Whenitisheated，…Conclusiononparticiple•注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：•Usedforalongtime,thebooklooksold.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。•Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。Conclusiononparticiple•连词+分词（短语）•有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有：when，while，ifthough，after,before,as.但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：•Whilewaitingthere,hesawtwoprettygirlscomeoutofthebuilding.•等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting和saw的主语相同）Conclusiononparticiple•分词作插入语•分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：•generallyspeaking一般说来•talkingof（speakingof）说道•strictlyspeaking严格的说•judgingfrom从…判断•allthingsconsidered从整体来看•takingallthingsintoconsideration全面看来Conclusiononparticiple•例如：Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。•Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。（speaking不是dogs的动作）Conclusiononparticiple•独立主格•独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；•名词（代词）+形容词；•名词（代词）+副词；•名词（代词）+不定式；•名词（代词）+介词短语构成。Conclusiononparticiple•独立主格•独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。•2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。•3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。Conclusiononparticiple•独立主格•Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。•Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。•Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.天气允许，我们明天去看你。•Thisdone,wewenthome.工作完成后，我们才回家。Conclusiononparticiple•独立主格•Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlie