世界英语World English

2Frisian&EnglishRyebread,butterandgreencheeseisgoodEnglishandgoodFries.”Brea,bûterengrienetsiisisgoedIngelskengoedFrysk..(Thisisnottypical.Mostwordsarequitedifferent.)OldEnglish(5thto11thc.)WestGermanicLanguageinfluencedbyNorseandLatin(thelinguafrancaofEurope)Beowulf(c.1000)blendofWestSaxon&AngliandialectsTheDanelaw(late8thc.)ScandinavianInfluenceonEnglish•Droppingofmanyinflectionalendings•Theuseofvelarplosivesinsteadoffricativesinthewordssky,bask,whisk,egg•BorrowingofOldNorsepronounsthey,their,them•ScandinavianplacenamesGrimsby,Lowestoft1066NormanConquestEffectsoftheNormanConquest•Englishlanguagewasnolongerusedingovernment,courts,orinthechurch•AvarietyofOldFrenchbecamethelanguageoftherulingclass•Frenchnoblestookcontrolofalltheland•HOWEVER,EnglishsurvivedamongthelowerclassesFrenchinfluence•Wordsrelatedtochurch,thelaw,sophisticated“highculture”(judge,cordial)•Frenchwordsareusedforthenameofthemeatofanimals(vealfromcalves,porkfrompigs,muttonfromsheep,venisonfromdeer)(evennowadays,theEnglishsaycrèmeAnglaise,whichisFrenchforEnglishcream!)1362PleadinginEnglishActEnglishwasreestablishedastheofficiallanguageofthecommon-lawcourtsAtthistime,therewereabout2.5millionspeakersofEnglishExtentoftheBritishEmpireInnerCircle:MostpeoplespeakEnglishasafirstlanguage-USA,UK,Canada,Australia,NZ,CaribbeanOuterCircle:PeopleneedEnglishforeducation,law,politics,businessINSIDEthecountry–India,Philippines,AngloAfrica,SingaporeExpandingCircle:PeopleneedEnglishtocommunicatewithspeakersOUTSIDEthecountry–Europeancountries,AsiancountriesWhyaresomecountriesthatwerepartoftheBritishEmpirenot“InnerCircle”?WhoOwnsEnglish?•75countrieshavespecialorofficialstatusfortheEnglishlanguage•375millionfirst-languagespeakers•375millionsecond-languagespeakers•750millionforeign-languagespeakers•Moreconversationshappendailybetweennon-nativespeakersofEnglishthanbetweennativespeakersPhonetics/phonology3.2.2•Rhoticity•Retroflex•intervocalic•ReceivedPronunciation(RP)•GeneralAmerican(GA)SouthernUS•Knownasthe“SouthernDrawl”•Non-rhoticamongupper-classwhitesandblacks•SomereductionofintervocalicR–CayolinaforCarolina•Reductionofnon-stressedsyllables–Probly[pɹa:blɪ],prezdent[pɹɛ:zdɪnt],•Diphthongaloffglides–glayadforglad–dowafordoorFormerUSPresidentJimmyCarterPlains,GeorgiaAfricanAmericanVernacularEnglish•CreoleofpidgindevelopedfromearlierEnglishforms,andWestAfricanLanguages•ProbablyinfluencedthelanguagespokenintheSouthernUnitedStates•SpreadtourbanareasintheNorthfollowingtheendofslavery•NowoftenassociatedwithDetroitandtheSouthBronxinNYCAAVE•No–sin3rdpersonsingular(hego,shelike)•Zerocopulainpresenttense(Sherealnice.Hebig.Theyoutthere.HenotAmerican.)Note:thecopulamustappearwhenexposed(Iknowwhatitis.Isshe?)•Beasfiniteverbwithhabitualaspect–Healwaysbetalkin.–Sheusuallybearound.•UseofCompletiveAspect–Idonetalked.(finishedactioninthepast)AAVE•Negativeindefinitefronting–Can’tnobodydonothingaboutit.–Wasn’tnothingwrongwithit.•Existentialit(insteadofSAmEthere)–Itain’tnoheavenforyoutogoto.–Doesn’tnobodyknowthatit’sagod.•Alternatequestioninversion–IaxMarywheredidshego.–Iwanttoknowwhatdidhedo.TheOuterCircle•The“outercircle”primarilyreferstoformercoloniesofBritain(India,Pakistan,andmanyAfricannations).•However,somePacificIslandnations(Philippines,Guam,Samoa,Marianas)werecolonizedbytheUnitedStates.ReferenceVarieties•Whatarethetworeferencevarieties•Dothesereferencevarietieshaveprestigeaccents?Whatarethey?•Willtherebenewreferencevarieties?CantherebeEnglishwithoutreferencevarieties?•HowarethereferencevarietiesreflectedinEnglishvarietiesthroughouttheworld?EvolutionofPost-ColonialEnglish(p.31)•Foundation•‘exonormativestabilization’–languagebelongstocolonialpower•‘nativization’—localpopulationadoptscoloniallanguagewithsubstratumeffects(complainttraditiondevelops)•‘endonormativestabilization’—localnormsareacceptedassignofnationalpridebybothindigenousandsettlers(codification,literature)•‘differenciation’—languagecontinuestodevelopindependently,withincreasingregionalanddialectalvariationEnglish:(UrbanElites)NationalLanguage(s):Hindi,BahasaMalaysia,Tagalog,etc.Regionallanguages:Tamil,Chinese,Arabic,Hiligaynon,etc.LanguagePyramidLanguageinMalaysia•EnglishwasreplacedbyBahasaMalaysiaastheofficiallanguagein1969tosuppressthemoresuccessfulChineseandIndianminoritieswhospokeEnglish,andadvantagethemajorityMalaypopulation.•Englishisnowtaughtasacompulsorysubjectinprimaryandsecondaryschool,andisusedinbusinessandmostprivateschoolsanduniversitiesLanguageinIndia•Shortlyafterindependence,IndiadecidedtoinstituteHindiastheofficiallanguage.•SomevarietyofHindiisspokenby41%oftheIndianpopulation•29differentlanguagesinIndiahavemorethan1,000,000speakers•Englishhas200,000claimednativespeakersinIndiaFeaturesofOuter-CircleVarieties•Absenceofmarkedfeatures(/θ/and/ð/replacedwithstops)•SimplificationofthehighlycomplexEnglishvowelsystem•Syllable-timing,variationintheintonation•Simplifiedtags(no?,isit?)•AlteringorreducingconsonantclustersEnglishasaLinguaFrancaWhatisalinguafranca?Whydotheyexist?WhendidEnglishbecomealinguafranca?