PolymerPhysicsPolymerPhysicsPolymerPhysics高分子物理高分子物理高分子物理2AggregateStructureof2AggregateStructureofPolymersPolymers高分子聚集态的结构高分子聚集态的结构2.1Introduction2.1Introduction引言引言2.1.1Conceptofaggregatestate聚集态结构的内涵高分子的聚集态(凝聚态)是指高分子链之间的几何排列与堆砌结构高分子的聚集态主要包括晶态Crystallinestate(含液晶态)非晶态Amorphousstate(含取向态)高分子的结构StructureofPolymers链结构ChainStructure聚集态结构AggregateStructure织态结构Morphology晶态结构CrystallineStructure无定型态结构Amorphousstructure2.1.2Interactionsbetweenpolymermolecules高分子的分子间作用力主价力(化学键联结)相互作用次价力(范德华力和氢键)次价力——非键合原子或基团间的作用力高分子由于分子间的相互作用而堆砌在一起kTREK6222132μμ⋅−=6212221REDμαμα+−=621212123RIIIIELαα+−=静电力:极性分子永久偶极之间的静电相互作用所产生的引力1.2×104~2.1×104J/mol诱导力:极性分子永久偶极与其在其它分子上引起的诱导偶极之间的作用力0.6×104~1.2×104J/mol色散力:分子的瞬时偶极之间的相互作用力0.08×104~0.84×104J/mol偶极矩极化率电离能分子间距离次价力(范德华力)范德华力:2~8kJ/molC-C键能:347kJ/mol范德华力比化学键能小1∼2个数量级设定:PE的聚合度为104,则PE的分子间力Ef最小为2*104kJ/molPE分子C-C键能EJ为347kJ/molEfEJ分子间力大于主价键力。欲使PE成为单个分子时,必须要克服范德华力2*104kJ/mol,这时C-C已经断裂。所以,没有气态的高分子。氢键X——H键上的H原子与另一个电负性很大的原子Y之间的作用力电负性:原子在化学键中捕获电子的能力(H:2.1O:3.5N:3.0F:4.0)作用强度:15~35kJ/mol特点:有方向性和饱和性X——H┄┄Y常见氢键的键长与键能氢键键长(nm)键能(kJ/mole)F—H…F0.2428O—H…O0.2718.8∼34.3N—H…F0.2820.9N—H…O0.2916.7N—H…N0.315.44O—H…Cl0.3116.3C—H…N13.7∼18.22.1.3Cohesiveenergydensity高分子的内聚能密度)(liquidRTHEV−Δ=Δ)(solidRTHES−Δ=Δ内聚能:为克服分子间作用力,把1mol液体或固体分子移到分子间引力范围之外所需要的能量摩尔蒸发热内聚能密度:单位体积的内聚能摩尔升华热VECED~Δ=摩尔体积CohesiveenergydensityoflinearpolymersCohesiveenergydensityoflinearpolymersPolymerPolymerNameNameCED(J/mCED(J/m33))PolyethylenePolyethylenePolyisobutylenePolyisobutyleneNaturalrubberNaturalrubberButadienerubberButadienerubberStyreneStyrene--butadienerubberbutadienerubberPolystyrenePolystyrenePoly(methylmethacrylate)Poly(methylmethacrylate)Poly(vinylacetate)Poly(vinylacetate)Poly(vinylchloride)Poly(vinylchloride)Poly(ethyleneterephthalate)Poly(ethyleneterephthalate)Polyamide66Polyamide66PolyacrylonitrilePolyacrylonitrilePEPE259259PiBPiB272272NRNR280280BRBR276276SBRSBR276276PSPS305305PMMAPMMA347347PVAcPVAc368368PVCPVC381381PETPET477477Nylon66Nylon66774774PANPAN992992RubberPlasticsFiber2.2TheCrystallineState2.2TheCrystallineState高分子的晶态结构高分子的晶态结构高分子结晶与小分子结晶的区别:高分子不是100%结晶的!结晶度(crystallinity):结晶相所占的百分数重量分数结晶度(结晶相的重量百分数)体积分数结晶度(结晶相的体积百分数)X-RaydiffractionX-衍射2.2.1Methodsofdeterminingcrystallinity(%)100%cccawtAAKAx=×+DifferantialScanningCalorimetry,DSC示差扫描量热%1000×ΔΔ=HHxc(重量分数结晶度)(i)体积结晶度VVXcvc=aaccVVVρρρ+=acVVV+=aaccacVVVVρρρ+=+)(acacvcVVXρρρρ−−==密度法(ii)重量结晶度cccWVρ=caccaaρρ=+=+()/()()/()()()()()()()wcccccccaacaccccaacaacacacaaacaaWVXWVVVVVρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρρ===++−=−+−−−−==−−+−−WWXcwc=aaaWVρ=DeterminationofDensityiiceNANVρ=∑Ni和Ai分别为晶胞中第i种原子的原子数和原子量,Ve为晶胞体积,N为阿弗加德罗常数ρc由晶胞计算而得:注意:结晶度的数值随测定方法和测试条件不同有所差别,有时差别甚至非常大。通常有:XcWAXD(≈)XcdensityXcDSC010203040WAXDDSCCrystallinity(%)S282E451S59E453S199E452SxEydiblockcopolymers2.2.2高分子晶体的各级结构spherulitefibrillarbranchinghelicallamellaewithinfibrils∼1mm∼1μm∼500ÅPLMAFMAFM,TEMcrystallatticeindividuallamellarstacks∼1Å∼100ÅWAXDSAXSBraggeequationθλsin2nd=DistancebetweensuccessiveidenticalplanesofatomsinthecrystalX-raywavelengthAnglebetweenthex-raybeamandtheseatomicplanesAnywholenumberUnitcell高分子的晶胞PrincipletypesofcrystalsystemCrystalsystemLatticeconstantCubic立方a=b=c;α=β=γ=90°Hexagonal六方a=b≠c;α=β=90°;γ=120°Tetragonal四方a=b≠c;α=β=γ=90°Trigonal三方a=b≠c;α=β=γ≠90°Orthorhombic正交a≠b≠c;α=β=γ=90°Monoclinic单斜a≠b≠c;α=γ=90°;β≠90°Triclinic三斜a≠b≠c;α≠β≠γ≠90°abcγβα高分子无此晶系SelectedcrystallographicdataLatticeConstantPolymerCrystalSystema,Åb,Åc,ÅαβγPolyethyleneOrthorhombic7.4174.9452.5472PZ211.00Monoclinic8.092.534.79107.92PZ210.998PolytetrafluoroethylenePseudohexagonal5.595.5916.88119.31H1362.35Trigonal5.6619.501H1572.30Orthorhombic8.735.692.622PZ212.55Monoclinic9.505.052.62105.52PZ212.74it-PolypropyleneMonoclinic6.6520.966.5099.34H310.936Hexagonal19.086.499H310.922Trigonal6.386.331H310.939it-PolystyreneTrigonal21.906.656H311.13cis-1,4-PolyisopreneMonoclinic12.468.898.10924Z201.02PolyvinylchlorideOrthorhombic10.65.45.12PZ211.42PolytetrahydrofuranMonoclinic5.598.9012.07134.22PZ211.11Nylon6Monoclinic9.5617.28.0167.54PZ211.23Monoclinic9.3316.884.781212H211.17Nylon66Triclinic4.95.417.248.57763.51PZ101.24Triclinic4.98.017.29077672PZ101.248Nylon610Triclinic4.955.422.44976.563.51PZ101.157Triclinic4.98.022.49077672PZ101.196Poly(ethyleneterephthalate)Triclinic4.565.9410.7598.51121P1.455NMolecularConformationCrystalDensity,g/cm3没有取代基(PE)或取代基较小的(polyester,polyamide,POM,PVA等)的碳氢链中为了使分子链取位能最低的构象,并有利于在晶体中作紧密而规整的堆砌,所以分子取全反式构象,即:取平面锯齿形构象。平面锯齿结构平面锯齿结构(planezigzag)(planezigzag)PEOrthorhombic正交晶系UnitcellofPE:Orthorhombic,a=7.417Å,b=4.945Å,c=2.547Å晶胞中的C原子数?H原子数?Ve≈92×10-24cm3;N=6.023×1023mol-1ρc≈1.01g/cm3iiceNANVρ=∑Thehydrogen-bondedstructureofnylon66.Theunitcellfaceisshowndotted螺旋形结构螺旋形结构(Helix)(Helix)具有较大的侧基的高分子,为了减小空间阻具有较大的侧基的高分子,为了减小空间阻碍,降低位能,则必须采取旁式构象。碍,降低位能,则必须采取旁式构象。例如:全同例如:全同PP(HPP(H3131)),,聚邻甲基苯乙烯聚邻甲基苯乙烯(H(H4141)),,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯PMMA(HPMMA(H5252)),,聚聚44--甲基戊烯甲基戊烯--11(H(H7272)),,聚间甲基苯乙烯聚间甲基苯乙烯(H(H118118))等。等。聚丙烯,聚丙烯,PPPP的的CC——CC主链并不居于同一平面内,主链并不居于同一平面内,而是在三维空间形成螺旋构象,即:它每三个而是在三维空间形成螺旋构象,即:它每三个链节构成一个基本螺圈,第四个链节又在空间