初中英语语法基础知识

第一部分基础知识第一章语法第一节时态一．一般现在时一般+s;在以ch,sh,s,x或o结尾的词后+es(teaches,goes,washes,fixes,guesses);在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词后，变y为i后再加-es(studies,tries)1.表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与everyday,onceaweek,often,always,usually,sometimes,seldom等时间状语连用：-Wegotheretwiceamonth.-Industrialbuyersareresponsibleforsupplyingthegoodsandservicesthatanorganizationrequiredforitsoperations.(d.required-requires)2.表示主语的特征、性格、能力等：-Hehasgreatconcernforothers.-Matterexistsinthreestates.3.表示客观事物或普遍真理：-Lighttravelsfasterthansound.-JapanliestotheeastofChina.4.表示安排或计划好的将来的动作：-Theplanetakesoffatfive.5.在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作（when,after,before,assoonas,until;if,unless):-Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillhaveafootballmatch.-Adesertareathathasbeenwithoutwaterforsixyearswillstillbloomwhenrainwillcome.(willcome-comes)二．现在进行时study-studying;come-coming;sit-sitting(forget-forgetting);die-dying通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下：see,hear,smell,taste,know,find,forget,notice,suggest,be,love,like,want,hope,wish,prefer,hate,understand,remember,believe,have,consist,seem.1.表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作：-Thestudentsarerunningtothesports-field.2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进行：-Heiswritinganovelthisyear.3.可表示将来发生的动作，这一用法常用于go,come,leave,start等动词，后面也常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如tomorrow,tonight,thiscomingFriday等，表示安排或计划好的事情：-ThosevisitorsareleavingforWuhantomorrow.4.用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩：-Theboywhoissittingbesidemeisalwaysaskingmealotofwhysandhows.-Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.三．现在完成时1.表示动作现在刚完成：-Hissonhasfinishedhishomework.2.表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响：-It'ssocoldinhere.Whohasbrokenthewindow?3.过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在（这时常和since或for短语连用）-LihasstudiedEnglishfortwentyyears.-Collectingdollsasahobbybecomesincreasinglypopularduringthepastfiftyyears.b[注]1.副词用：just,before,already,often,never,ever,always,not...yet或now,today,thisweek等；不用过去的时间状语。2.-Hisgrandmother______forthirtyyears.a.diedb.haddiedc.hasbeendeadd.hasdied-Hehasbeeninthearmyfortwoyears.(不能说Hehasjoinedthearmyfor...)-I______acollegestudentformorethanayear.a.becameb.havebecomec.wasd.havebeen-ItisthreeyearssincehesenttotheU.S.(不能说HehasgonetotheU.S.forthreeyears.)四．一般过去时时间状语有:yesterday,ago,in1978,once,lastweek(month,year),atthattime,justnow等，以及由when等引导的句子。1.表示某一确定的过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态：-OberlinCollegeawardsdegreestobothsexesin1837,butcoeducaioninAmericanacollegesdidnotspreaduntilthesecondhalfofthecentury.(awards-awarded)2.表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作：-From1910to1927CorraHarris______outanaverageofanovelayear.a.hasbroughtb.werebringingc.hadbroughtd.brought3.usedto:-Weusedtogetupatfiveeverymorningwhenwewereinthecountryside.五．过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。-Billsaidthathe______hishomeworkathalfpastsevenyesterdayevening.a.didb.wasdoingc.isgoingtodod.hasdone六．过去完成时1．结束性动作--即“已完成”，表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动作。常有by,before,until,assoonas,when,because等引导的短语或从句，表示过去的时间。-Bytheendoflastyear,hehadlearnedabout1,000words.Preposition(G)1.in,on,atyesterdaymorninginthemorningtomorrowmorningyesterdayafternoonintheafternoontomorrowafternoonyesterdayeveningintheeveningtomorroweveningthismorningthisafternoonatdawnthiseveningatnoonatnightBefore'day'weuse'on':onSunday(Monday..)onSundaymorningonOct.1ontheafternoonofOct.1onMayDayonthemorningofMayDayonNationalDayontheeveningofNationalDayonChristmasonChristmaseveonacoldwintermorning,onahotJuneafternoon,etc.Intheconceptofspace:arriveinNewYork;arriveatthestationinLondon,Tokyo,etc.butatthebusstop2.overonabove超过（或低于）某高度、标准。underbeneathbelowe.g.abovethesealevel(海拔)直上，直下（接触表面的）上下belowOdegree3.except1.TheyallwenttosleepexcepttheyoungFrenchman.2.Herarelywentanywhereexcepttohisoffice.3.Thewindowswereneveropenedexcepttoairtheroomforafewminutesinthemorning.besidesBesidesEnglish,hehastostudyGermanandFrench.exceptfor1.Theroomwasbareoffurnitureexceptforafewchairs.2.Thecompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.exceptthat(when,after,etc.)1.Thissuitfitsmewellexceptthatthetrousersaretoolong.2.It'sasatisfactoryhat,exceptthatitdoesn'tfitme.3.Mr.Smithusedtogofishingeveryweekendexceptwhenhewasill.1.Theartexhibitionwaswelldesigned,______thedisarrangementofafewpiecesofphotos.a.exceptb.besidesc.exceptford.inadditionto2.Shehurriedwhensheknewthateverybodywasready______her.a.exceptb.exceptforc.besided.besides3.______beingusedinindustry,lasercanbeappliedtooperationsinthehospital.a.Exceptforb.Exceptthatc.Inadditiontod.Beside4.______coal,themostimportantnaturalfuelsaregasandoil.a.Exceptforb.Exceptc.Besidesd.Beside(Apartfrom)5.Atthefarsideoftheyardtherewasakitchengarden(菜园),and______thatwastheorchard(果园).(再过去是果园)a.apartfromb.exceptc.exceptford.beyond6.Thecompositionsbythefreshmenclassarewell-written______afewerrorsinspellingandgrammar.a.unlessb.exceptthatc.exceptford.besidesNouns(G)1.Uncountablenouns:advice,anger,applause,baggage(luggage),cake,chalk,chocolate,cloth,clothing,bread,damage,equipment,evidence,food,fruit,furniture,gold,homework,housework,information,ink,jewellery,knowledge,machinery,mail(邮件),money,music,news,paper,personnel,postage(邮资，邮费),protection,rice(salt,sugar,tea),scenery,soap,sugar,toothpaste,traffic,transportation,weaponry,weather,work.2.有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时，其含义会发生变化。Tenyearshadpassed,Ifou