常用溶剂一、乙醇(ethylalcohol,ethanol)CASNo.:64-17-5(1)分子式C2H6O(2)相对分子质量46.07(3)结构式CH3CH2OH,(4)外观与性状:无色液体,有酒香。(5)熔点(℃):-114.1(6)沸点(℃):78.3溶解性:与水混溶,可混溶于醚、氯仿、甘油等多数有机溶剂;密度:相对密度(水=1)0.79;相对密度(空气=1)1.59;稳定性:稳定;危险标记7(易燃液体);主要用途:用于制酒工业、有机合成、消毒以用作溶剂不同压力下乙醇物性参数变化表压液态密度比热容气体密度蒸发热分子量粘度沸点MPaKg/m³KJ/Kg*KKg/m³KJ/Kgg/molMPa*s℃0.06750.492.8112.4693830.2146.070.5890.650.04752.352.7902.1825837.8446.070.59870.02754.382.7671.8917845.9946.070.6183常压756.652.7421.5966854.8946.070.6378.35-0.02759.502.7111.2984865.7646.070.6672.8-0.04762.932.6740.9936878.3246.070.6965.9-0.06767.382.6270.6806893.8546.070.7456.82-0.08774.372.5560.3559916.5146.070.8342.4二、甲醇(methylalcohol,Methanol)CASNo.:67-56-1(1)分子式CH4O(2)相对分子质量32.04(3)结构式CH3O,(4)外观与性状:无色澄清液体,有刺激性气味。(5)熔点(℃):-97.8,凝固点-97.49℃,沸点64.5℃.闪点(开口)16℃,燃点470℃,折射率1.3285,表面张力22.55×10-3N/m(6)相对密度(20℃/4℃)0.7914溶解度参数δ=14.8,能与水、乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、苯、氯仿等有机溶剂混溶,甲醇对金属特别是黄铜有轻微的腐蚀性。易燃,燃烧时有无光的谈蓝色火焰。蒸气能与空气形成爆炸混合物.爆炸极限6.0%-36.5%(vol)。纯品略带乙醇味,粗品刺鼻难闻。有毒可直接侵害人的肢体细胞组织.特别是侵害视觉神经网膜,致使失明。正常人一次饮用4一10g纯甲醉可产生严重中毒。饮用7-8g可导致失明,饮用30-100g就会死亡。空气中甲酵蒸气最高容许浓度5mg/m3。不同压力下甲醇物性参数变化表压液态密度比热容气体密度蒸发热分子量粘度沸点MPaKg/m³KJ/Kg*KKg/m³KJ/Kgg/molMPa*s℃0.06758.672.7591.78341094.932.040.3677.20.04760.512.7441.57761103.3632.040.3773.40.02762.482.7271.36841112.2132.040.3869.35常压764.672.7091.15591121.8132.040.3964.7-0.02767.372.6870.94061133.2432.040.4059.05-0.04770.582.6610.72031146.3132.040.4252.15-0.06774.812.6270.49411162.6832.040.4543-0.08781.412.5770.25891186.2032.040.4928.5三、乙腈,甲基氰(acetonitrile,methylcyanide)CASNo.:75-05-8(1)分子式:C2H3N(2)相对分子质量41.05(3)结构式CH3CN,(4)外观与性状:无色液体,有刺激性气味。(5)凝固点-43.8℃,沸点81.6℃、闪点5.6℃。折射率1.3441.粘度(20℃)0.35mPa·s,(6)相对密度(水=1):0.79能与水、甲醇、醋酸甲酯、醋酸乙酯、丙田酮、乙醚、氯仿、四氯化碳、氯乙烯以及各种不饱和烃相混溶。与水形成共沸混合物。易燃,爆炸极限3.0%-16%(vol)。有毒人LD503800mg/kg。空气中最高容许浓度3mg/m3。不同压力下乙腈物性参数变化表压液态密度比热容气体密度蒸发热分子量粘度沸点MPaKg/m³KJ/Kg*KKg/m³KJ/Kgg/molMPa*s℃0.06734.382.3442.1604748.9341.050.2597.40.04736.982.3381.9141753.6041.050.2592.80.02739.902.3311.6643758.7741.050.2687.6常压743.202.3231.4100764.5041.050.2681.65-0.02747.112.3141.1507771.1541.050.2774.68-0.04751.842.3030.8849779.0541.050.2866.1-0.06758.022.2890.6102789.0841.050.2954.8-0.08767.532.2680.3224803.9541.050.3137.2四、乙酸乙酯,醋酸乙酯(ethylacetate,aceticester)CASNo.:141-78-6(1)分子式:C4H8O2(2)相对分子质量88.10(3)结构式CH3-C-OCH2CH3,(4)外观与性状:无色澄清液体,有芳香气味,易挥发。(5)凝固点-83.8℃,沸点77.1℃、闪点(开口)7.2℃,燃点425.5℃,(6)相对密度(水=1):0.90溶解度参数δ=9.1。能与醇、醚、氯仿、丙酮、苯等多数有机溶剂混溶。微溶于水,25℃在水中溶解度8.08%(wt)。易挥发,易燃烧,蒸气与空气形成爆炸性混合物,爆炸极限2.2%-11.4%(vol)。毒性很小,对皮肤和粘膜有刺激性,LD505620mg/kg。空气中最高容许浓度300mg/m3(或0.04%)。醋酸乙酯是胶粘剂工业的重要溶剂,能够溶解松香、硝酸纤维素、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯酸酯、过氯乙烯树脂、聚氨酯、丁腈橡胶、SBS、酚醛树脂等,配制多种溶剂型胶粘剂。贮存于阴凉、通风的库房内,远离火源,防止日光曝晒。贮存期为6个月。不同压力下乙酸乙酯物性参数变化表压液态密度比热容气体密度蒸发热分子量粘度沸点MPaKg/m³KJ/Kg*KKg/m³KJ/Kgg/molMPa*s℃0.06845.982.0974.6896352.4688.110.2993.150.04848.902.0864.1556356.4988.110.2988.650.02851.982.0733.6108360.7188.110.3083.7常压855.492.0603.0570365.4388.110.3178.1-0.02859.652.0442.4932370.9788.110.3171.4-0.04864.712.0261.9155377.5888.110.3363.25-0.06871.232.0041.3189385.9488.110.3452.5-0.08881.151.9730.6947398.3188.110.3735.8五、二氯甲烷(dichloromethane)CASNo.:75-09-2(1)分子式:CH2Cl2(2)相对分子质量84.94(3)结构式H2CCl2,(4)外观与性状:无色透明液体,有芳香气味。(5)熔点(℃):-96.7(6)沸点(℃):39.8(7)相对密度(水=1):1.33溶解度参数δ=9.78。与乙醇、乙醚、苯、丙酮,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺等有机溶剂混溶。微溶于水。不易燃烧。有毒,对皮肤和桔膜有刺激性,受热会产生有毒氯化物气体,空气中最高容许浓度740mg/m3(或0.05%)。用作快干溶剂,溶解能力强,能溶解聚碳酸酯等。贮存于阴凉、通风的库房内,注意防潮。不同压力下二氯甲烷物性参数变化表压液态密度比热容气体密度蒸发热分子量粘度沸点MPaKg/m³KJ/Kg*KKg/m³KJ/Kgg/molMPa*s℃0.041284.771.2194.4900327.2284.930.3549.550.021289.391.2143.9054330.5684.930.3644.92常压1294.381.2103.3076334.1384.930.3639.75-0.021300.311.2052.6987338.3384.930.3733.68-0.041307.641.1992.0754343.4584.930.3926.15-0.061317.021.1921.4304349.9084.930.4016.27-0.081331.441.1820.7550359.6284.930.431.05六、丙酮,阿西通(acetone)CASNo.:67-64-1(1)分子式:C3H6O(2)相对分子质量58.08(3)结构式H3COCH3,(4)外观与性状:无色透明易流动液体,有芳香气味,极易挥发。(5)熔点(℃):-94.6(6)沸点(℃):56.5(7)相对密度(水=1):0.80溶解度参数δ=9.8。能与水、甲醇、乙醇、乙醚、苯、氯仿、吡啶、油类等混溶。易燃,易挥发,蒸气与空气形成爆炸性混合物.爆炸极限2.5%-12.8%(vol)。低毒,有麻醉性和刺激性,空气中最高容许浓度400mg/m3。用作溶剂、稀释剂和表面处理清洁剂。贮存于阴凉、通风、温度不超过30℃的库房内,远离火种、热源。不同压力下丙酮物性参数变化表压液态密度比热容气体密度蒸发热分子量粘度沸点MPaKg/m³KJ/Kg*KKg/m³KJ/Kgg/molMPa*s℃0.04755.032.2632.9202503.5158.080.2466.20.02757.902.2542.5382508.0458.080.2561.5常压761.182.2442.1498513.1258.080.2556.1-0.02765.052.2321.7540518.9958.080.2649.7-0.04769.792.2181.3485526.0358.080.2741.85-0.06775.922.2010.9294534.9258.080.2831.5-0.08785.312.1750.4904548.1958.080.3015.5七、苯(benzene)CASNo.:71-43-2(1)分子式:C6H6(2)相对分子质量78.11(3)结构式(4)外观与性状:无色透明液体,有强烈芳香气味。(5)熔点(℃):5.5(6)沸点(℃):80.1(7)相对密度(水=1):0.88溶解度参数δ=9.15。与乙醚、乙醇、丙酮、四氯化碳和醋酸等混溶,不溶于水,容易产生和积聚静电。极易燃烧,蒸气与空气能形成爆炸性混合物.爆炸极限1..4%-7.1%(vol)。苯的蒸气对人有强烈的毒性,吸入和经皮肤吸收都可引起中毒,被列为致癌物质,长期接触有可能引发膀胀癌。空气中最高容许浓度40mg/m3(或0.0025%)。苯主要是用作溶剂,但因毒性大,凝固点低,应尽量不用或少用。贮存于阴凉、通风、温度10-30℃的库房内,远离火种、热源,避免日光曝晒。苯按其来源和制法分为石油苯和焦化苯,石油苯是由石油轻馏分加氢精制、催化重整和分离所得;焦化苯是由炼焦副产回收的粗苯经过洗涤、分馏所得。二者的主要差别是焦化苯的刺激性气味较大。不同压力下苯物性参数变化表压液态密度比热容气体密度蒸发热分子量粘度沸点MPaKg/m³KJ/Kg*KKg/m³KJ/Kgg/molMPa*s℃0.04833.551.8613.6529384.9278.110.3791.70.02836.301.8533.1764388.8478.110.3886.5常压839.451.8432.6919393.3078.110.3980.5-0.02843.151.8322.1976398.5278.110.4173.4-0.04847.661.8191.6907404.8278.1