第1页共15页语法讲解被动语态一、主动语态与被动语态的概念:语态----说明主语和谓语之间的关系英语动词的语态有两种:⑴主动语态:表示主语是动作的执行者⑵被动语态:表示主语是动作的承受者(常常没在有必要指出动作的执行者情况下使用)例:TheyspeakEnglish.(主动语态)主谓宾Englishisspokenbythem.(被动语态)主语谓语介词短语注:☆及物动词有被动语态,不及物动词必须带有介词才可以有被动语态。例:⑴Welistentotheteachercarefullyinclass.主谓宾→Theteacherislistenedtobyuscarefullyinclass.主语谓语介词短语⑵Welaughedathim.→Hewaslaughedatbyus.二、被动语态的结构与应用情况:㈠基本结构:肯定句式:be+done(及物动词的过去分词)如果是不及物动词+相应的介词或副词否定句式:be+not+done疑问句式:be动词(情态动词)放句首被动语态中的be为助动词,无意义。be可能是am,is,are也可能是was,were或原形be。注:☆被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的,be是什么时态,全句就是什么时态,be后面的过去分词不变。Eg:1、Thesongislikedbyyoungpeople.(肯定句)2、Thesongisn’tlikedbyyoungpeople(否定句)3、Isthesonglikedbyyoungpeople?(一般疑问句)4、Whoisthesonglikedby?=Bywhomisthesongliked?(特殊疑问句)㈡各种时态的构成(动词以do为例):时态动词的被动形式例句一般现在时am/is/aredoneHeisaskedtodothis.一般过去时was/weredoneThestorywastoldbyhermother.一般将来时will/shallbedoneTheproblemwillbediscussedtomorrow.Is/aregoingto过去将来时should/wouldbedoneHesaidthetreeswouldbeplantedsoon.Was/werearegoingto现在进行时am/is/arebeingdoneThenovelisbeingwritten.过去进行时was/werebeingdoneAtthattimethedeskwasbeingmade.现在完成时has/havebeendoneThehousehasbeenbuilt.第2页共15页过去完成时hadbeendoneTheysaidthattheirworkhadbeenfinished.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+doneYourhomeworkmustbehandedintoday.其它几种特殊句型:Itissaidthat……..Itiswellknownthat…….Itisreportedthat……例:①Historyismadebythepeople.(一般现在时)②ThecarsweremadeinTianjinin1995.(一般过去时)③Thetreewillbecutdownnextyear.(一般将来时)④Theroommustbekeptclean.(含有情态动词的被动语态)⑤Thedoorisbeingopened.(现在进行时)⑥Thefilmhasbeenseenbyme.(现在完成时)注:☆不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。(三)应用情况行为的执行者不明确或不必说出来。Eg:Astrangerwaskilledlastnight.用于强调动作的承受者而不是执行者。Eg:Thestoryistoldeverywhereinthecity.三、主动语态改被动语态的方法:方法分为三步:⑴把原主动句中的宾语改成主语(如果是人称代词同时应把宾格改为主格)⑵谓语动词改为被动形式bedone(时态不变,人称和数必须和新主语一致)⑶把原主动句的主语,如果需要的话放在介词by后面,以指明做事的人或物,如果没有必要则省去(by短语是代词,要用宾格形式)例:1)Themankilledatiger.→Atigerwaskilledbytheman.(改的过程中要注意时态和语态两个方面)2)Theyarerepairingthemachine.→Themachineisbeingrepairedbythem.3)Theworkershavedonethejob.→Thejobhasbeendonebytheworkers.四、特殊句型的被动语态:⑴含有使役动词(make/let/have)或感官动词(hear,see,listento,lookat,find,watch,feel,notice,observe等)的句子,在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带to的动词不定式,但是在改成被动语态时,则一定要把省去的to再加上去,另外help这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可不带to,但在被动语态中也必须把to加上去。例:①Motheroftenmakesmedosomehousework.→Iamoftenmadetodosomehouseworkbymother.②Wesawhimrunintotheclassroom.→Hewasseentorunintotheclassroombyus.⑵teach,give,pass,show,buy,tell等动词常常带有两个宾语(双宾语:直接宾语和间接宾语),改为被动语态时,两个宾语可以选其中任一个作主语。如果直接宾语被提前作主语,那么间接宾语(一般是人)前要加相应的介词to/for。例:①Shegavemeapen.=Shegaveapentome.→Iwasgivenapenbyher.→Apenwasgiventomebyher.②Myfatherboughtmeanewbike.=Myfatherboughtanewbikeforme.第3页共15页→Iwasboughtanewbikebymyfather.→Anewbikewasboughtformebymyfather.⑶由不及物动词(vi)+介词/副词+宾语的句子改成被动语态时,介词或副词不能丢掉。(前面已举过两例)常见的这类短语动词有:takecareof,lookafter,takeoff,lookat,sendfor,lookup等。例:①Weshouldspeaktooldpeoplepolitely.→Oldpeopleshouldbespokentopolitely(byus).②Hetookawaythebox..→Theboxwastakenawaybyhim.⑷含有宾语补足语的句子改为变动语态。(宾补放在原来位置不变)例:①WecallhimXiaoMa.主谓宾宾补→HeiscalledXiaoMabyus.②Hefoundthebookveryinteresting.→Thebookwasfoundveryinterestingbyhim.(5)主动表示被动Want,need,require表“需要”时有两种被动语态形式。Theroomrequirescleaning.requirestobecleaned.Worthdoing表示被动。Thebookiswellworthreading.五、没有被动语态的动词1.表示状态或特征的及物动词如:sell,study,grow,begin,read,cost,fit,have,suit等没有被动形式,2.不及物动词或动词短语如:appear,die,disappear,end(vi.结束),fail,last,lie,remain,sit,spread(传播),stand,cometrue,fallasleep,rise,...resultfrom(缘于),belongto,consistofhappen=takeplace,breakout(爆发),breakdown(坏了)3.大多数系动词:be,feel(摸起来),sound(听起来),look(看起来),smell(闻起来)taste(尝起来),prove(证明),turn,become,remain,stay等词无被动语态,它们的主动形式表示被动意义。例:Theskirtfeelsverysoft.这件裙子摸起来很柔软。Manychangeshavehappenedinourhometown.Thefilmlastedfor3hours.Thebooksellswell.Thekindofclothcleans/washeseasily.被动语态考点归纳主动语态改为被动语态时,被动语态应和主动语态的时态保持一致。WespeakEnglish.(改为被动语态)English_______________byus.[分析]此句主动语态为一般现在时态,被动语态也应用一般现在时态,因此,答案应是isspoken。注意被动语态的谓语结构:一般现在时是:am/is/are+p.p;一般过去时是:was/were+p.p;现在完成时是:have/has/been+p.p;现在进行时是:am/is/are/+being+p.p;含有情态动词的是:情态动词+be+p.p。(注:p.p过去分词)。Wemusttakegoodcareofoureyes.(改为被动语态)Oureyesmust___________goodcareof.第4页共15页[分析]此句中含有情态动词must,那么,我们根据“情态动词+be+p.p.”的公式可知,答案应是betaken。3.注意句中主谓语的一致关系。Tea______(grow)insoutheastofChinaandIndia.[分析]此句中主语tea是不可数名词,作主语时谓语动词应用单数形式。而此句说明的又是一自然现象,因此就应用一般现在时态。所以,答案应是isgrown。4.注意复合宾语的变化Theycouldn’tmakethecowgo.(改为被动语态)[分析]thecowgo在句中作make的复合宾语。一般情况下,变为被动语态后,宾语补足语的结构形式、所处位置原封不动地保存下来,但make/have/let/see/watch/hear等后原可省的to要还原回来。显然,此句中,thecowgo中省去的to应还原回来,因此答案应是Thecowcouldn’tbemadetogo.5.注意双宾语的变化。MrSmithshowedthestudentstwopicturesyesterday.(改为被动语态)Twopictures________________thestudentsbyMrSmith.[分析]变为被动语态时,双宾语中的任何一个皆可变为主语,一般变直接宾语,但间接宾语前必须加上介词to或for。此句中显然是把直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,那么,间接宾语前须加上介词to,所以答案应是wereshownto。6.注意短语动词中的“小词”。Theoldmenandthechildren____inourcountry.A.musttakegoodcareB.mustbetakengoodcareC.mustbetakengoodcareofD.musttakegoodcareof[分析]短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,应当做一个词来看待,变成被动语态后,“小词”不能丢弃。因此,此题答案应是C。实战演练选择题1._____anewlibrary_____inourschoollastyear?A.Is;builtB.Was;builtC.Does;buildD.Did;build2.Anaccident____onthisroadlastweek.A.hasbeenhappen