逻辑谬误

LogicFallacies•AdMisericordiam文不对题•FalseAnalogy错误类比•HypothesisContrarytoFact•与事实相反的假设•PoisoningtheWell井下投毒•Definition:•Thethemeisinconsistent,thecontentisirrelevant.5.AdMisericordiam（文不对题）•Examples:•“Hewaslatetotheclasstoday.”“Becausehewasscoldedbyhismotheryesterday.”•“Haveyouhadlunch?”“Igotuplatethismorning,andunfortunatelyIfelldownfrommybikewhenridingtoschool.”5.AdMisericordiam（文不对题）5.AdMisericordiam（文不对题）•Examples:Maybeheisn’tqualifiedenoughforthisjob,butthinkabouthisrelationships,hisuncleisthemayor,andhisfatheristhechairmanofthecompanywhichhassteadybusinessrelationswithus.6.Falseanalogy(错误类比)•Definition:•Manyargumentsrelyonananalogybetweentwoormoreobjects,ideas,orsituations.Ifthethingsthatarebeingcomparedaren'treallyalikeintherelevantrespects,theanalogyisaweakone.6.Falseanalogy(错误类比)•Exmples•Mindandrivers,canbebothbroad.Itisaknownfactthatthebroadertheriver,theshalloweritis.Therefore，itmustbetruethatthebroaderthemindis,theshalloweritis.•Employeesandnailsarethesame.Asitisnecessarytohitnailsontheheadinordertomakethemwork,thesamemustbedonewithemployees.6.FalseAnalogy（错误类比）•Exmples：•Youngchildrenarelikeflowers---flowersshouldstayawayfromterribleweathertogrow,sochildrenneedtogetridofeverythingnegative.7.Hypothesiscontrarytofact（与事实相反的假设）•Definition:•Thehypothesisiscontradictorytothereality•Exmples:•IfIhadstudiedhard,Iwoulddefinitelyhavepassedthetest.7.Hypothesiscontrarytofact（与事实相反的假设）•Examples：•IfTVwerenotinvented,todaypeoplewouldneverhavesuchwonderfulentertainmentbroughtbyTV.•Ifthegunpowderhadn’tbeeninvented,therewouldn’thavebeensomanywarsintheworld.8.PoisoningtheWell（井里下毒）•Definition:•PoisoningtheWell,orspeaking“againsttheman”，inwhichthepremisesmayonlymakeapersonalattackonaperson,insteadofofferingreasonstoshowwhywhathesaysisfalse.•PoisoningtheWellisaspecialcaseofargumentumadhominem（人生攻击）8.PoisoningtheWell（井里下毒）•Examples•Don’tlistentoanywordfromhim,forheisamostshamefulcheateraroundtheworld.•Thedefendantkilledthevictimcruelly,IsuggestLordsentencehimguilty.Exercises1)Whentheinterviewerasksthejob-huntertomakeabriefself-introduction,herepliesthathehastofindajobtoaffordhisoldparentsandyoungchildrenwhoarenowsufferingfromhunger.(AdMisericordiam)（文不对题）2)Wecantakebooksandfoodinthetrain,thenshouldn’twetakeabombwithusinthetrain?(FalseAnalogy)（错误类比）3)WhenthenewteacheraskedPetertoanswerthequestion,Tomrosetohisfeetandsaid:“Peterisadunce,heknowsnothingaboutwhatyouaretalkingabout.”(PoisoningtheWell)（井下投毒）4)HowcouldyouhavepassedtheexamwhatifIhadn’ttoldyoutheanswerinadvance?(HypothesisContrarytoFact)（与事实相反的假设）5)SincewehavemooncakesintheMoonFestival,whydon’twehavespringcakesintheSpringFestival?needtogetridofeverythingnegative.(FalseAnalogy)（错误类比）