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1英语基本句型一．词法1.词类表词类英语名称缩写作用例词实词名词Nounsn.表示人或事物的名称.boy，flower代词Pronounspron.用来代替名词或数词等.they,some.形容词Adjectivesadj.用来修饰名词或代词.pretty,useful.动词Verbsv.表示动作或状态等.Work,know副词Adverbsadv.用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。slowly，very.数词Numeralnum.用来表示数量或顺序。one,first虚词冠词Articleart.用在名词前帮助说明其词义.a，an,the.介词Prepositionsprep.用在名词，代词等前面，表示与别的词的关系。for，from.连词Conjunctionconj.用来连接词与词或句与句.but，if.感叹词Interjectioninterj.表示说话时的感情或口气.oh，hello2.代词表单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhe,she,itweyouthey宾格meyouhim,her,itusyouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhis,her,itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis,hers,itsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimself,herself,itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves指示代词this,thatthese,those相互代词宾格eachotheroneanother所有格eachother’soneanother’s不定代词可数each,one,many,(a)few,both,another,either,neither不可数much,(a)little可数，不可数all,some,none,such,any,other复合不定代词anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,nobody,nothing,everybody,everyone,everything疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what连接代词who(ever),whom(ever),whose(ever),which(ever),what(ever)关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as二．句法1.句子成分S=Subject主语V=Verb谓语O=Object宾语Oi=IndirectObject间接宾语Od=DirectObject直接宾语A=Attribute定语2Adv=Adverbial状语C=Complement补足语SC=SubjectComplement主语补足语OC=ObjectComplement宾语补足语P=Predicative表语App=Appositive同位语主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。状语：是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。宾语补足语：指在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。简单的说，宾语补足语就是补充说明宾语是什么或宾语怎么样表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。1.由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtous.2.如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。HetoldmethathisbrotherJohnisaworld-famousdoctor.3.同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.Heisinterestedinsports,especiallyballgames.2.简单句的五种基本句型S+V（主+谓）S+V+P（主+系+表）S+V+O（主+谓+宾）S+V+Oi+Od（主+谓+间宾+直宾）S+V+O+OC（主+谓+宾+宾补）基本句型1主谓结构S+Vi由“主语+不及物动词”构成，常用来表示主语的动作。主语可有修饰语（定语），谓语可有修饰语(状语)。1.主语+不及物动词ＳＶ（不及物动词）1.Time2.Themoon3.Weall4.He5.Theyflies.rose.eat,anddrink.isplayinghavegone32.主语+不及物动词+状语Sheoftendreams.Didyousleepwell?YougofirstandIwillfollowbehind.3.主语+不及物动词+副词(构成成语动词)Theenginebrokedown.Howdidtheaccidentcomeabout?Thebombblewup.4.主语+不及物动词(有被动意思)Thebookissellingwell.Doesthisclothwashwell?(主语+不及物动词)扩展和修饰•Theboyspoketohisteacher.•Thelittleboyspokeloudlytohisteacher.•TheboynamedTomspoketohismathteacherinalowvoice.•ThelittleboycalledTomspoketohisChineseteacher.巩固练习：1．她昨天回家很晚。Shewenthomeverylateyesterdayevening.2．会议将持续两个小时。Themeetingwilllasttwohours.3．在过去的十年里，（在）我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometowninthepasttenyears.4．1919年，（在）北京爆发了“五.四”运动。TheMayFourthMovementbrokeoutinBeijingin1919.5．每天八时开始上课。Classesbeginateighteveryday.6．这个盒子重五公斤Thisboxweighsfivekilos7．五年前我住在北京。IlivedinBeijingfiveyearsago.8．秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。Inautumn,somebirdsflytothesouth9．我的爷爷早晨起得很早。Mygrandfathergetsupearlyinthemorning.10.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。Everyafternoonalotofstudentscometothelibrarytoborrowbooks.11.会议有可能开两个半小时.Themeetingwilllasttwoandahalfhours.12.我所就读的学校坐落在那个美丽的湖TheschoolwhereIstudyliesbythebeautifullake.13.她盼望已久的机会终于到来了.Thechancewhichshewantedtogetforalongtimecameatlast.14.正在睡觉的婴儿笑了.Thesleepingbabysmiles.基本句型2主系表结构S+Link.V+P4由“主语+系动词+表语”组成，用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有：(1)表示特征和存在状态的be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound；(2)表示状态延续的remain,stay,keep,continue,stand；(3)表示状态变化的become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow1.主语+系动词+形容词Howareyou?I’mfine.Hehasfallenill.Theykeptsilent.2.主语+系动词+名词Hisdreamhasatlastbecomeareality.Heappearedafool.Itsoundsagoodidea.3.主语+系动词+副词IsHelenin?Summerisover.4.主语+系动词+介词短语Youknowwhatyouareafter.Keepoffthegrass.Thestudentsareinfavourofreform.5.主语+系动词+不定式Hisplanistokeepitsecret.Theonlythingnowistotakeataxi.Surelyshewastobetrusted.6.主语+系动词+动名词Myjobisrepairingcars.Talkingtohimistalkingtoawall.Theirfavouritepastimeisplayingchess.7.主语+系动词+从句Myopinionisthattheplanwon’twork.Thequestioniswhatyouwanttodo.That’swherewediffer.That’showIlookatit.Theproblemiswhocanbeputincharge.8.主语+系动词+形容词+介词短语Sheisfondofthiscountry.Iwassickoflyinginbed.Theyseemdelightedwiththeresult.9.主语+系动词+形容词+不定式I’mhappytomeetyou.Shewaseagertoseeherpeople.10.主语+系动词+形容词+从句I’mgladyouhavecome.We’renotclearwhatthey’reupto.Iamnotcertainwhoheis.He’sdoubtfulwhetherhecanaffordit.(主语+连系动词+表语)扩展和修饰•Thesouptastesgood.5•Tooursurprise,Thesouptastesgood.•Thesouptastesgood,whichisbeyondourexpectation.•Franklyspeaking,Thesouptastesgood.•Tobehonest,Thesouptastessogoodastosurpriseeveryone.主系表句型的几个特例：1.AsinChina,theweatherisdifferentfromareatoarea.2.Wearegreatlysurprisedtomeethimthere.3.Itisnotagoodideatospendyourvacationwithstrangers.4.Itiskindofyoutosayso.5.Itisnoteasyforthemtogotherebybike.6.IsitTomwhoisplayingthepiano?7.Itisafactthattheycan’tpasstheexam.巩固练习：1．冬季白天短，夜晚长Inwinter,thedaysareshortandthenightsarelong.2．十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。Attheageoffifteen,heb