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1DutchCivilCodeBook2Book2LegalPersonsTitle2.1GeneralprovisionsArticle2:1Publiclegalpersons-1.TheState,theProvinces,theMunicipalities,theWaterBoardsandallotherbodiestowhichlegislativepowerhasbeengrantedundertheDutchConstitutionhavelegalpersonality.-2.Otherbodieschargedwithgovernmentaldutiesonlyhavelegalpersonalityifthisresultsfromwhathasbeenspecifiedbyorpursuanttolaw.-3.ThebelowlistedArticlesofthepresentTitle(Title2.1),exceptArticle2:5,donotapplytopubliclegalpersonsasmeantinthepreviousparagraphs.Article2:2Churchesandotherreligiouscommunities-1.Religiouscommunitiesandtheirindependentsubdivisionsandbodiesinwhichtheyareunited,havelegalpersonality.-2.Theyaregovernedbytheirowncharterinsofartherulesthereofarenotinconflictwithlaw.WiththeexceptionofArticle2:5,thebelowlistedArticlesofthepresentTitle(Title2.1)donotapplytothem.Nevertheless,theseArticlesmaybeappliedaccordinglyasfarasthisisinagreementwiththecharterofthereligiouscommunityandthenatureofthemutualrelationshipswithinthatcommunity.Article2:3PrivatelegalpersonsAssociations('verenigingen'),Cooperatives('coöperaties'),MutualInsuranceSocieties('onderlingewaarborgmaatschappijen'),OpenCorporations*)('naamlozevennootschappen'),ClosedCorporations**)'beslotenvennootschappen')andFoundations('stichtingen')havelegalpersonality.*)OpenCorporationsaretheequivalentofpubliclimitedcompaniesunderEnglishlaw,i.e.companieswithfreetradableshares**)ClosedCorporationsaretheequivalentofprivatelimitedcompaniesunderEnglishlaw,i.e.companieswithrestrictedtradableshares.Article2:4Defectiveformationand(propertyof)non-existinglegalpersons-1.Alegalpersoncannotcometoexistenceintheabsenceofadeedsignedbyanotaryinsofarthelawrequiressuchadeedfortheformationofthistypeoflegalperson.Adeed2signedbyanotary,whichisnotauthentic,shallonlypreventtheformationoftheintendedlegalpersonifthislegalpersonwouldhavebeencalledintoexistenceonthebasisofatestamentarydisposition(lastwill)laiddowninthatdeed.-2.Thenullificationofavoidablejuridicalactthroughwhichalegalpersonhasbeenformed,doesnotaffecttheexistenceofthatlegalperson.Theinvalidityoftheparticipationofoneormorefoundersofthelegalpersondoesinitselfnotaffectthevalidityoftheparticipationoftheremainingfounders.-3.Wherepropertyhasbeencreatedinthenameofanon-existinglegalperson,thecourtshallappoint,upontherequestofaninterestedpartyorofthePublicProsecutionService,oneormoreliquidators.Article2:22shallapplyaccordingly.-4.Propertycreatedinthenameofanon-existinglegalpersonshallbeliquidated(woundup)inthesamewayasthatofadissolvedlegalpersonoftheintendedtype.ThepersonswhohaveactedasDirectorsofthenon-existinglegalpersonarejointandseveralliableforalldebtsbelongingtothebeforementionedpropertyasfarasthesedebtshavebecomedueanddemandableduringtheperiodinwhichthesepersonsactedasDirector.Thesepersonsarealsoliablefordebtsarisenfromjuridicalactswhichhavebeenperformed[bythemselvesorothers]duringthatperiodonbehalfofthatproperty,asfarasnootherpersonisliableforthesedebtsonthebasisoftheprevioussentence.Whennopersoncanbemadeliableforadebtonthebasisofoneofthetwoprevioussentences,thepersonswhohaveperformedtheactwhichcausedthedebtarejointandseveralliableforit.-5.Ifavalidlegalpersonhasbeenformedinordertomakeitthelegalsuccessorofthepropertycreatedinthenameofanon-existinglegalperson,thenthecourtmayorder,uponrequest,thatthispropertydoesnotneedtobeliquidated(woundup),butmaybebroughtintothevalidlyformedlegalperson.Article2:5EqualisationoflegalpersonswithnaturalpersonsAsfarasitconcernsthelawofproperty,alegalpersonistantamount(equal)toanaturalperson,unlessthecontraryresultsfromlaw.Article2:6Publicationofinformationandconsequencesofalackofpublication-1.Changesmadetothearticlesofincorporationortheinternalregulations(by-laws)ofalegalperson,thathavetobepublishedbyvirtueofthepresentBook(Book2oftheCivilCode),cannotbeinvokedagainstcounterpartiesandthirdpersonswhowereunawareofthesechangesaslongasthatpublicationhasnotbeenmadeand,intheeventofachangeofthearticlesofincorporation,aslongasthelegallyrequiredpublicationofthechangedarticlesofincorporationhasnotbeenmade.Thesameappliesinrespectofanappealtothefactthatalegalpersonisdissolvedaslongasitsdissolutionhasnotbeenpublishedinthelegallyrequiredway.-2.WherethearticlesofincorporationindicatethattheBoardofDirectorsoraDirectorhasnopowertorepresentthelegalpersoninperformingajuridicalact,anappealtosuchlackofpower,thatnormallywouldbepermittedaccordingtolaw,hasnoeffecttowardsacounterpartywhowasunawareofthelackofpowerifthelimitationorexclusionofthatpowerwasnotpublishedinthelegallyrequiredwayatthemomentonwhichthatjuridicalactwas3performed.ThesameappliestoanappealtoalimitationofthepowerofrepresentationofothersthanDirectorstowhomsuchpowerhasbeengrantedunderthearticlesofincorporation.-3.Thelegalpersoncannotinvoketheincorrectnessorincompletenessofthedataregisteredatthecommercialregisteragainstacounterpartywhowasunawareofthisincorrectnessorincompleteness.Acorrectandcompleteregistrationelsewhereorapublicationofthearticlesofincorporation[inthecommercialregister]isinitselfnotsufficiente