word•Computer-AidedManufacturing计算机辅助制造•blacksmithn.锻工,铁匠•adaptive[əˈdæptɪv]adj.(自)适应的•assembly[əˈsembli]n.;v.装配•evolve[iˈvɔlv]v.进化,发展,进展•commission[kəˈmiʃən]n.;v.代理,委托,委任•tangential[tænˈdʒenʃəl]adj.切线的,肤浅的,略为触及的ManufacturingProcess1word•distribute[disˈtribju:t]v.分布•mass-productiontechniques大批量生产技术•economyofscale规模经济•versus[ˈvə:səs]prep.与……比较,……对……,作为……的函数•semiautomatic['semiɔ:tə'mætik]adj.半自动的•manual[ˈmænjuəl]adj.手工的ManufacturingProcess2ManufacturingProcessComputer-Aidedmanufacturing计算机辅助制造(技术)Thescientificstudyofmetal-cuttingandautomationtechniquesisproductsofthetwentiethcentury['sentʃuri].Twopioneers[,paiə'niəs]ofthesetechniqueswereFrederickTaylorandHenryFord.从科学上进行研究金属切削和自动化技术研究起始于第二十世纪。这些技术的先驱者是弗雷德里克.泰勒和亨利.福特。3•Duringtheearly1900s,theimprovingU.S.standardoflivingbroughtanewhighinpersonalwealth.Themajorresultwastheincreaseddemandfordurable[ˈdʊrəbl]goods.•20世纪初美国日益提高的生活水平将个人财富带到一个新的高度。这种现象主要影响就是对耐用消费品的需求的增长。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing4•Thisincreaseddemandmeantthatmanufacturingcouldnolongerbetreated[tri:tɪd]asablacksmithtrade[treid],andtheuseofscientificstudywasemployedinmanufacturinganalysis.•日益增长的需求意味着制造业不再是简单的手工作坊式的行业,而应该在制造业中引入科学化的研究手段。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing5•Taylorpioneeredstudiesin“scientificmanagement”inwhichmethodsforproductionbybothmenandmachineswerestudied.•泰勒开创了“科学管理”的研究,透过人员和机器研究生产的方法。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing6•Tayloralsoconducted[kənˈdʌktɪd]metalcuttingexperimentsattheMidvaleSteelCompanythatlasted26yearsandproduced400tonsofmetalchips.•泰勒还在米德韦尔钢铁公司进行金属切削试验,该项试验长达26年之久并生产了近400吨重的金属铁屑。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing7•TheresultofTaylor’smetal-cuttingexperimentswasthedevelopmentoftheTaylortool-lifeequationthatisstillusedinindustry[ˈɪndəstri]today.•泰勒的金属切削实验最终导致了泰勒刀具寿命公式的发现,该公式目前仍然被工业界所采用。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing8•Thistool-lifeequationisstillthebasisofdeterminingeconomicmetalcuttingandhasbeenusedinadaptivecontrolledmachining.•刀具使用寿命仍然作为最基本的判断金属切削经济与否的依据。同时,该刀具寿命公式还被用于自适应控制加工。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing9•HenryFord’scontributionstookadifferentturnfromTaylor’s.Fordrefined[ri’faind]anddevelopedtheuseofassemblylinesforthemajorcomponentmanufacturerofhisautomobile.•亨利.福特的研究成果与泰勒不同。福特优化和开发了装配生产线的应用,这种装配生产线应用于他的汽车主要零部件的制造。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing10•FordfeltthateveryAmericanfamilyshouldhaveanautomobile,andiftheycouldbemanufacturedinexpensivelyenoughtheneveryfamilywouldbuyone.SeveralmechanismsweredevelopedatFordtoaccommodate[ə'kɔmədeit]assemblylines.•福特认为每个美国家庭都应该拥有一辆汽车。如果能将汽车的价格降低到人们的购买力水平上(他们制造的汽车足够廉价的话),那么每个家庭就会购买一辆汽车。福特公司开发了一些设备(机械装置)以适应装配生产线。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing11•TheautomationthatForddevelopedwasbuiltintothehardware,andFordrealizedthatsignificantdemandwasnecessarytooffsettheinitialdevelopmentandproductioncostsofsuchsystems.•福特开发的自动化是建立在硬件中的,福特意识到需要大量的需求来抵消这种系统的初始开发和生产成本。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing12•Althoughmanufacturingindustriescontinuedtoevolve,itwasnotuntilthe1950sthatthenextmajordevelopmentoccurred.•虽然制造业的研发一直持续不断,但新的一轮大发展是在20世纪50年代才出现的。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing13•Forsometime,strides[straɪd]toreducehumaninvolvementinmanufacturingwerebeingtaken.Specialty[’speʃəlti]machinesusingcamsandother“hardwired”logiccontrollershadbeendeveloped.•长期以来,人们一直致力于减少制造过程中的人为参与。已经开发出了采用凸轮和其他“硬连线”逻辑控制器的专用设备。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing14•TheU.S.AirForcerecognized[‘rekəɡnaɪzd]thedevelopmenttimerequiredtoproducethisspecialequipmentandthatthetimerequiredtomakeonlysmallsequencechangeswasexcessive[ɪkˈsɛsɪv].•美国空军意识到,用来生产这些专用设备的研发时间和用来仅作程序小改变的时间都是很长的(过多的)。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing15•Asaresult,theAirForcecommissionedtheMassachusetts[ˌmæsə‘tʃu:sɪts]InstituteofTechnologytodemonstrate[ˈdɛmənˌstret]programmableornumericallycontrolled(NC)machines(alsoknownas“softwired”machines).Withthisfirstdemonstrationin1952camethebeginningofanewera[ˈɪrə]inmanufacturing.•因此,美国空军委托麻省理工学院开发(展示)可编程的数字化控制器,也称“软连线”设备。1952年的这次首创开始了制造业的新纪元。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing16•Sincethen,digitalcomputershavebeenusedtoproduceinputeitherinadirectedmannertomanyNCmachines,directnumericalcontrol(DNC),orinamorededicatedcontrolsense,computernumericalcontrol(CNC).•从那时起,数字计算机就被用来当做输入设备,要么以直接方式输入到NC设备中,直接数字控制(DNC),要么用更专用的控制传感,即计算机数字控制(CNC)。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing17•Today,machinecontrollanguagessuchasAPT(AutomaticProgrammingTool)havebecomethestandardforcreatingtoolcontrolforNCmachines.•如今,机床控制语言比如说自动编程工具,已经成为数控机床创建工具控制的标准了。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing18•Itisinterestingtonotethatmuchoftheevolutioninmanufacturinghascomeasaresponsetoparticularchangesduringdifferentperiod.•有意思的是,制造业的许多发展都对应于不同历史时期的特定的变化。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing19•Forinstance,thetechnologythatevolvesinthenineteenthcenturybroughtwithittheneedforhigher-precisionmachining.(thisresultedinthecreationofmanynewmachinetools,amorerefinedmachinedesign,andnewproductionprocesses.)•例如,19世纪的工业革命促进了人们对较高加工精度的需求(从而促进了许多新型刀具的研发、精密机床的设计以及新的生产工艺)。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing20•Theearlytwentiethcenturybecameaneraofprosperityandindustrializationthatcreatedthedemandnecessaryformass-productiontechniques.•二十世纪初期成为一个繁荣的、工业化的年代,这个年代也创造了大规模生产技术所必须的产品需求。Computer-Aidedmanufacturing21•Inthe1950sitwasestimatedthatasthe