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andperformancetestcopiesoftherecord.Ifnecessary,reviewshouldbecarriedout;4)forspringhangers(includedsimplespring,hangersandconstantsupporthangers)itshouldalsoberecognizedassettingandlockingofloads.5)checkthesurfacequality,foldedlayeringandwithoutcracks,rustandotherdefects.5)aftercompletionofthetestandcontroldrawingnumberonebyone,byseriesbaled.Coloralloysteelparts,thepartsmarkinginstallationlocationandrotationaboutthedirectionyouwant.7.3.14.hangersinstallation7.3.14.1hangerlayouta.acleardesignofhangershouldbeinstalledstrictlyinaccordancewiththedrawingsanddesignsshallnotbeinstalledwrong,missing,etc.B.ownarrangementofpipingsupportandhangersetandselectionshouldbebasedoncomprehensiveanalysisofgenerallayoutofpipingsystems;coldinstallationofsteampipewithparticularattentionreservedforcompensationofthermalexpansiondisplacementandorientation.C.supportsystemsshouldberationaltowithstandpipeloads,staticloadandincidentalload;reasonablepipingdisplacement;guaranteedundervariousconditions,stressarewithintheallowedrange.Strength,stiffness,andmeetrequirementstopreventvibrationandsoothingwater,withoutaffectingtheadjacentequipmentmaintenanceandotherpipinginstallationandexpansion.D.equipmentconnectedtotheinterfacetomeetpipelinethrust(torque)limitrequirements;increasethestabilityofpipingsystemstopreventpipeline...Tubewallthickness(mm)2-34-67-10weldformnoslopemouthweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1-1.51.5-2weldwidthb(mm)5-67-6hasslopemouthweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1.5-22weldwidthb(mm)coverhadeachedgeslopemouthabout2mmargonarcweldingweldstrengtheningsurfaceheightandwidthtubewallthickness(mm)2--33--45--6weldformweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1-1.51.5-22-2.5widthb(mm)电路简化的基本原则初中物理电学中的复杂电路可以通过如下原则进行简化：•第一：不计导线电阻，认定R线≈0。有电流流过的导线两端电压为零，断开时开关两端可以测得电压（电路中没有其他断点）。•第二：开关闭合时等效于一根导线；开关断开时等效于断路，可从电路两节点间去掉。开关闭合有电流流过时，开关两端电压为零，断开时开关两端可以测得电压（电路中没有其他断点）。•第三：电流表内阻很小，在分析电路的连接方式时，有电流表的地方可看作一根导线．•第四：电压表内阻很大，在分析电路的连接方式时，有电压表的地方可视作断路，从电路两节点间去掉．•第五：用电器（电阻）短路：用电器（电阻）和导线（开关、电流表）并联时，用电器中无电流通过（如下图示），可以把用电器从电路的两节点间拆除（去掉）．•第六：滑动变阻器Pa段被导线（金属杆）短接不工作，去掉Pa段后，下图a变为图b．•第七：根据串、并联电路电流和电压规律“串联分压、并联分流”分析总电流、总电压和分电流、分电压的关系。•第八：电流表和哪个用电器串联就测哪个用电器的电流，电压表和哪个用电器并联就测哪个用电器的电压。判断电压表所测量的电压可用滑移法和去源法。•第九：电压表原则上要求并联在电路中，单独测量电源电压时，可直接在电源两端。一般情况下，如果电压表串联在电路中，测得的电压是电源两端电压（具体情况见笔记）。电流表直接接在电源两端会被烧坏，且让电源短路，烧坏电源。AAab图apappbpb图bandperformancetestcopiesoftherecord.Ifnecessary,reviewshouldbecarriedout;4)forspringhangers(includedsimplespring,hangersandconstantsupporthangers)itshouldalsoberecognizedassettingandlockingofloads.5)checkthesurfacequality,foldedlayeringandwithoutcracks,rustandotherdefects.5)aftercompletionofthetestandcontroldrawingnumberonebyone,byseriesbaled.Coloralloysteelparts,thepartsmarkinginstallationlocationandrotationaboutthedirectionyouwant.7.3.14.hangersinstallation7.3.14.1hangerlayouta.acleardesignofhangershouldbeinstalledstrictlyinaccordancewiththedrawingsanddesignsshallnotbeinstalledwrong,missing,etc.B.ownarrangementofpipingsupportandhangersetandselectionshouldbebasedoncomprehensiveanalysisofgenerallayoutofpipingsystems;coldinstallationofsteampipewithparticularattentionreservedforcompensationofthermalexpansiondisplacementandorientation.C.supportsystemsshouldberationaltowithstandpipeloads,staticloadandincidentalload;reasonablepipingdisplacement;guaranteedundervariousconditions,stressarewithintheallowedrange.Strength,stiffness,andmeetrequirementstopreventvibrationandsoothingwater,withoutaffectingtheadjacentequipmentmaintenanceandotherpipinginstallationandexpansion.D.equipmentconnectedtotheinterfacetomeetpipelinethrust(torque)limitrequirements;increasethestabilityofpipingsystemstopreventpipeline...Tubewallthickness(mm)2-34-67-10weldformnoslopemouthweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1-1.51.5-2weldwidthb(mm)5-67-6hasslopemouthweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1.5-22weldwidthb(mm)coverhadeachedgeslopemouthabout2mmargonarcweldingweldstrengtheningsurfaceheightandwidthtubewallthickness(mm)2--33--45--6weldformweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1-1.51.5-22-2.5widthb(mm)第十：如果导线上（节点之间）没有用电器（开关，电流表除外），那么导线上的各点可以看做是一个点，可以任意合并、分开、增减。（此法又称节点法）例如：abababaaabbb电路简化步骤第一步：按照题目要求将断开的开关去掉，将闭合的开关变成导线。第二步：将电流表变成导线（视具体情况也可保留）。第三步：去掉电压表。第四步：合并(或者换位）导线上的节点。（此步骤在电路中用电器比较多，且相互纠结时，采用）第五步：画出等效电路图，判断各用电器是串联还是并联。第六步：在原电路中利用原则七、八判断电流表和电压表各测量哪个用电器的电流和电压。•第七步：将电压表和电流表添加到等效电路图中，分析各电流表和电压表示数之间的关系。（利用原则七）经典例题选讲例1：在如下电路图中，开关S闭合后，电压表V1的示数是2.5V,V2的示数是1V,如果A2的示数是0.2A,那么A1的示数是多少？试求两只灯泡两端的电压。分析：第一步：将开关变成导线；第二步：将电流表变成导线；第三步将电压表去掉。第四步（略）第五步：判断用电器连接方式V2V1sL1L2A1A2很显然，电路中两个灯泡是串联的。第六步：根据原则四，知道电压表V2处断开，所以没有电流从A1流过，示数为零；根据滑移法知道V1和电源并联，测电源两端电压。V2和L2并联，测L2两端电压。第七步：等效电路图如下：v1v2L1L2A2A1andperformancetestcopiesoftherecord.Ifnecessary,reviewshouldbecarriedout;4)forspringhangers(includedsimplespring,hangersandconstantsupporthangers)itshouldalsoberecognizedassettingandlockingofloads.5)checkthesurfacequality,foldedlayeringandwithoutcracks,rustandotherdefects.5)aftercompletionofthetestandcontroldrawingnumberonebyone,byseriesbaled.Coloralloysteelparts,thepartsmarkinginstallationlocationandrotationaboutthedirectionyouwant.7.3.14.hangersinstallation7.3.14.1hang