SAT2化学考试知识点总结IntroductiontoChemistry化学入门Matter物质DefinitionofWater(物质的定义)StatesofMatter(物质的状态)CompositionofMatter(物质的构成)ChemicalandPhysicalProperties(化学性质和物理性质)ChemicalandPhysicalChanges(化学变化和物理变化)ConservationofMass(质量守恒)Energy能量DefinitionofEnergy(能量的定义)FormsofEnergy(能量的形式)TypesofReactions(ExothermicVersusEndothermic)反应类型(放热对吸热)ConservationofEnergy(能量守恒)ConservationofMassandEnergy(质能守恒)ScientificMethod(科学方法)MeasurementsandCalculations(测量和计算)MetricSystem(指标系统)TemperatureMeasurements(温度测量)HeatMeasurements(热量测量)ScientificNotation(科学记数法)Factor-LabelMethodofConversion(DimensionalAnalysis)转换方法(量纲分析)Precision,Accuracy,andUncertainty(精密度,准确度,不确定度)SignificantFigures(有效数字)CalculationswithSignificantFigures(有效数字的计算)AtomicStructureandthePeriodicTableoftheElements原子结构&元素周期表ElectricNatureofAtoms原子的电本质History(历史)BasicElectricCharges(基本电荷)BohrModeloftheAtom(原子的波尔模型)ComponentsofAtomicStructure(原子结构构成)CalculatingAverageAtomicMass(计算平均原子量)OxidationNumberandValence(氧化数和化合价)Metallic,Nonmetallic,andNobleGasStructures(易失电子.易得电子.惰性气体结构)Reactivity(反应)AtomicSpectra原子光谱Spectroscopy(光谱学)MassSpectroscopy(质谱学)TheWave-MechanicalModel波动力学模型QuantumNumbers(量子数)Hund’sRuleofMaximumMultiplicity最大多重性洪特法则SublevelsandElectronConfiguration原子内电子排布OrderofFilingandNotation(电子填充次序和命名)ElectronDotNotation(LewisDotStructures)(Lewis点结构)NobleGasNotation(稀有气体元素)TransitionElementsandVariableOxidationNumbers(过渡元素和可变的氧化数)PeriodTableoftheElements元素周期表History(历史)PeriodicLaw(周期律)TheTable(周期表)PropertiesRelatedtothePeriodicTable(元素周期表的性质)RadiiofAtoms(原子半径)AtomicRadiiinPeriods(同周期的原子半径)AtomicRadiiinGroups(同族的原子半径)IonicRadiusComparedtoAtomicRadius(相对原子半径的离子半径)Electronegativity(电负性)ElectronAffinity(电子亲和能)IonizationEnergy(电离能)Bonding化学键TypesofBonds化学键类型IonicBonds(离子键)CovalentBonds(共价键)MetallicBonds(金属键)IntermolecularForcesofAttraction分子间的吸引力Dipole-DipoleAttraction(极性分子间的吸引力)LondonForces(伦敦力)HydrogenBonds(氢键)DoubleandTripleBonds(双键和三键)ResonanceStructures(共振结构)MolecularGeometry—VSEPR—andHybridization分子几何学—价层电子对互斥理论和杂化轨道理论VSEPR—ElectrostaticRepulsion(VSEPR—价层电子对互斥理论)VSEPRandUnsharedElectron(VSEPR和非共享电子对)VSEPRandMolecularGeometry(VSEPR和分子几何学)Hybridization(杂化轨道理论)SigmaandPiBonds(Sigma键和Pi键)PropertiesofIonicSubstances(离子化合物的性质)PropertiesofMolecularCrystalsandLiquids(分子晶体与液晶的性质)ChemicalFormulas化学分子式WritingFormulas(写分子式)GeneralObservationsAboutOxidationStatesandFormulaWriting(氧化状态和分子式写作的一般性结论)MoreAboutOxidationNumbers(关于氧化数)NamingCompounds(化合物命名)ChemicalFormulas(化学分子式)LawsofDefiniteCompositionandMultipleProportions(定比定律和倍比定律)WritingandBalancingSimpleEquations(写作和平衡简单方程式)ShowingPhasesinChemicalEquations(化学平衡式)WritingIonicEquations(书写离子方程式)GasesandtheGasLaws气体和气体定律Introduction—GasesintheEnvironment(入门—环境中的气体)SomeRepresentativeGases(一些有代表性的气体)Oxygen(氧气)Hydrogen(氢气)GeneralCharacteristicsofGases(气体的基本特征)MeasuringthePressureofaGas(测量气压)KineticMolecularTheory(气体动力论)SomeParticularPropertiesofGases(气体的特殊性质)GasLawsandRelatedProblems(气体定律和相关的难题)Graham’sLaw(格锐目定律)Charles’sLaw(查理定律)Boyle’sLaw(波义耳定律)CombinedGasLaw(混合气体定律)PressureVersusTemperature(气压和温度)Dalton’sLawofPartialPressures(道尔顿分压定律)CorrectionsofPressure(压力校正)IdealGasLaw(理想气体定律)IdealGasDeviations(理想气体偏差)ChemicalCalculations(Stoichiometry)andtheMoleConcept化学计算器&摩尔内容SolvingProblemsinChemistry(解答化学难题)TheMoleConcept(摩尔内容)MolarMassandMoles(摩尔质量和摩尔)MoleRelationships(摩尔关系)GasVolumesandMolarMass(气体体积和摩尔质量)DensityandmolarMass(密度和摩尔质量)Mass-VolumeRelationships(摩尔与体积的关系)Mass-MassProblems(质量—质量难题)ProblemswithanExcessofOneReactant(涉及某一反应物多余的难题)Liquids,Solids,andPhaseChanges液体,固体和状态变化Liquids(液体)ImportanceofIntermolecularInteraction(分子间相互作用的重要性)KineticsofLiquids(液体动力学)Viscosity(粘性)SurfaceTension(表面张力)CapillaryAction(毛细作用)PhaseEquilibrium(平衡状态)BoilingPoint(沸点)CriticalTemperatureandPressure(临界温度和临界压力)Solids(固体)PhaseDiagrams(状态图表)Water(水)HistoryofWater(水的历史)PurificationofWater(水净化)CompositionofWater(水的构成)PropertiesandUsesofWater(水的性质和使用)Water’sReactionswithAnhydrides(水和碱性氧化物的反应)PolarityandHydrogenBonding(极性和氢键)Solubility(可溶性)GeneralRulesofSolubility(可溶性的基本原则)FactorsThatAffectRateofSolubility(影响溶解率的因素)SummaryofTypesofSolutesandRelationshipsofTypetoSolubility(溶液类型和类型之间关系的总结)WaterSolutions(水处理)ContinuumofWaterMixtures(水混合溶剂)ExpressionsofConcentration(浓度的表达)Dilution(稀释)ColligativePropertiesofSolutions(溶液的依数性)Crystallization(结晶化)ChemicalReactionsandThermochemistry化学反应和热化学TypesofReactions(反应类型)PredictingReactions(预知化学反应)Combination(KnownAlsoasSynthesis(化合反应)Decomposition(KnownAlsoasAnalysis(分解反应)SingleReplacement(置换反应)DoubleReplacement(复分解反应)HydrolysisReactions(水解反应)Entropy(熵)Thermochemistry(热化学)ChangesinEnthalpy(焓变化)AdditivityofReactionHeatsandHess’sLaw(反应热加成性定律—赫士定律)BondDissociationEnergy(键裂解能)EnthalpyfromBondEnergies(键能中的键焓)RatesofChemicalReactions化学反应速率MeasurementsofReactionRates(反应速率的测量)FactorsAffectingReactionRates(影响反应速率的因素)CollisionTheoryofReactionRates(化学反应速率的碰撞理论)ActivationEnergy(激活能)ReactionRateLaw(化学反应速率定律)ReactionMechanismandRatesofReaction(化学反应机制和化学反应速率)ChemicalEquilibrium化学平衡ReversibleReactionsandEquilibrium(可逆反应和平衡)LeChatelier’sPrinciple(化学平衡移